Enhanced computer-implemented systems and methods of automated physiological monitoring, prognosis, and triage

ABSTRACT

Systems and computer-implemented methods of automated physiological monitoring and prognosis of a plurality of subjects. A system includes a plurality of monitoring devices, each having a portion configured for deployment on a surface either opposite a concha or over a mastoid region of a subject, where real-time physiological parameter monitoring is performed. Each monitoring device also includes processor-executable program code configured to periodically generate respective values indicative of real-time physiological signs for the respective subject, and a transmitter configured to periodically and wirelessly transmit these periodically generated respective values to a mobile communication and display device. The mobile communication and display device is configured to use these periodically received respective values for the plurality of subjects from the plurality of monitoring devices to periodically generate a respective prognosis score for each subject, and to periodically generate an alert for at least two of the subjects.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of and claims priority to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/593,354, filed Oct. 4, 2019, the entirety ofwhich is herein incorporated by reference, which is acontinuation-in-part and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser.No. 15/889,992, filed on Feb. 6, 2018, the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference, which claimed priority to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/812,696, filed on Jul. 29, 2015, the entirety ofwhich is herein incorporated by reference, which claimed priority toU.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/030,314, filed on Jul.29, 2014, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.62/081,185, filed on Nov. 18, 2014, the entirety of which are hereinincorporated by reference.

FIELD

The present disclosure is directed generally to monitoring and analyzingdata and more particularly to enhanced computer implemented systems andmethods of automated physiological monitoring, prognosis, and triage.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

Monitoring of a subject's (e.g. an ambulatory or hospitalized patient's)vital or physiological signs has become increasingly important intoday's society, particularly those persons and patients who areseriously ill or injured. For example, virtually every hospitalizedpatient requires periodic measurement and logging of temperature, pulserate, and blood pressure. Many patients also need frequent determinationof respiration rate, cardiac activity, and other physiological signs.Various conventional techniques for monitoring a patient's vital signsrely on dedicated equipment that is either physically attached to thepatient or periodically attached to, and removed from, the patient viadexterous, manual means.

However, these conventional monitoring techniques are very costly, andboth labor and time-intensive, and such conventional monitoringequipment is very expensive and not readily disposable. Theseconventional techniques and equipment are also ineffective at monitoringambulatory patients. Further, such dedicated equipment is highlysensitive, and designed and tested for sterile ambulatory and hospitalconditions, which leaves government, commercial, and military healthproviders and first responders without an effective solution formonitoring ambulatory patients, especially in trauma, battlefield,natural disaster, or terrorist attack, scenarios where mud, blood, andother contaminates are prevalent. In such mass casualty scenarios,government, commercial, and military health providers and firstresponders have seen the critical need to compress cycle time in theircasualty monitoring, evaluation, decision-making, and treatment. In arecently published study from 2001-2009, over 50% of the U.S. combatfatalities in Iraq and Afghanistan died from injuries that were deemed“Potentially Survivable.” Many civilian, commercial health sectors alsoshare similar challenges. Current administrative policies, and an agingdemographic, have resulted in a 25% annual increase in emergency roomwait times. The problem continues to grow as over 800,000 people visitemergency rooms and urgent care centers in the U.S. daily, and longerwait times equate to more deaths, posing a significant risk andliability of a humanitarian disaster. What is needed are cost-effectivesystems and methods for real-time, continuous monitoring ofphysiological and environmental parameters of ambulatory, orhospitalized, subjects, and dynamic, automated prognoses, and triageprioritization, in mass casualty scenarios and environments.

Mobile devices such as cellular phones, Personal Digital Assistants(PDAs), smart phones, tablet computers, other wirelessly enableddevices, other portable handheld devices, and hands-free/heads-updevices, have successfully penetrated and been adopted by the generalconsumer market and by many government entities. Functionalities onmobile devices are generally performed by software applications eitherin the form of software components that are built-in to the device'smobile operating system or separate mobile applications (also known as“mobile apps” or “apps”) that run on the device's operating system.Recently, the development and use of mobile apps has become prevalentand now exist across a wide array of mobile device platforms.Individuals, businesses, and government agencies have come to enjoy,appreciate and rely on the convenience, flexibility and mobility ofmobile devices as a means to readily obtain access to information,facilitate communications and interact with friends, family, colleaguesand business entities, other friendly deployed units, etc. Thus, it iscritical that systems and methods for real-time delivery of informationto information users (e.g. first responders, medical providers, etc.)place the information at the fingertips of the users in order to permitenhanced real-time decision-making.

Wearables, such as, for example, Fitbit® wearables, Jawbone® fitnesstrackers, and the Apple® Watch, have become increasingly popularespecially among fitness and health enthusiasts. Conventional wearablesare generally worn on the wrist of a user and provide heart ratemonitoring, as well as tracking and recording of the user's activitysuch as steps, distance, calories burned, floors climbed, activeminutes, running/walking/cycling pace, exercise workout summaries,sleep, etc. However, deploying such wearables on extremity locationssuch as the wrist introduces significant errors associated with vital orphysiological sign measurement. For example, hair, tattoos, impact,limited blood flow, and motion, restrict and/or introduce inaccuraciesassociated with various vital sign measurements. Moreover, the bodynaturally restricts blood flow to extremities during emergencysituations (e.g. cold temperatures and emotional stress). Thus, it iscritical that systems, methods, and devices for real-time, continuousmonitoring of physiological parameters of ambulatory or hospitalizedsubjects monitor such parameters at body locations that are prone tominimal hair, high blood flow, and/or limited or predictable motion,especially during emergency situations, to ensure accurate results.

Like the accelerated adoption of the Internet itself, cloud computing israpidly gaining momentum. Cloud computing refers to a computing modelfor enabling on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurableinformation technology (IT) capabilities or resources (e.g., networks,servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidlyprovisioned and released, e.g., with minimal management effort orservice provider interaction. Cloud computing allows users to accesstechnology-based services from a network cloud without knowledge of,expertise with, or control over the technology infrastructure thatsupports them, much as consumers of electric utilities are agnostic asto details of the underlying electrical grid. The cloud is a serviceprovider's offering of abstracted computing-related services. The cloudcomputing model generally enables on-demand computing self-service,ubiquitous network access, location independent resource pooling, rapidelasticity (e.g., quick demand-based resource scaling), and measuredcomputing service.

Cloud computing models permit service providers to offer services on anon-demand or as-needed (e.g. subscription basis) and customers topurchase (or rent) computer infrastructure-related services as anoutsourced service (e.g., on an as-needed or as-consumed basis) insteadof having to purchase equipment (e.g., servers, software, data centerspace, or network equipment) themselves.

SUMMARY

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a system for automatedphysiological monitoring and prognosis of a plurality of subjects isprovided. The system includes a plurality of monitoring devices. Arespective portion of each of these plurality of monitoring devices isconfigured for deployment on a surface of a respective subject of aplurality of subjects. The surface of the respective subject is eitheropposite a concha of a respective ear of the respective subject or overa mastoid region of the respective subject. The respective portion ofeach monitoring device includes a plurality of physiological sensors.Each physiological sensor is configured to periodically generaterespective data based on one more real-time monitored physiologicalparameters of the respective subject. The real-time monitoredphysiological parameters include electrocardiogram, ballistocardiogram,and at least one of skin conductance or skin resistance. At least one ofthe plurality of physiological sensors in monitoring device includesgreen and infrared (IR) light emitters and a corresponding lightreceptor. Each monitoring device also includes a processor, and anon-transitory machine-readable storage medium encoded with program codeexecutable by the processor. The program code executable by theprocessor of each monitoring device includes program code forperiodically generating respective values indicative of a plurality ofreal-time physiological signs for the respective subject using theperiodically generated respective data from the plurality ofphysiological sensors. The plurality of real-time physiological signsinclude motion-corrected respiratory rate, motion-corrected heart rate,at least one of pacemaker edge detection or R-R interval, and at leastone of hydration level, stress level, or neurological response. Eachmonitoring device also includes a transmitter configured to periodicallytransmit electronic signals over a wireless network. The transmittedelectronic signals include the generated respective values indicative ofthe plurality of real-time physiological signs for the respectivesubject.

In various embodiments of the present disclosure, the system forautomated physiological monitoring and prognosis of a plurality ofsubjects includes a mobile communication and display device. The mobilecommunication and display device includes a communications interfaceconfigured to be coupled to the wireless network and to receive theperiodically transmitted electronic signals over the wireless networkfrom each of the plurality of monitoring devices. The mobilecommunication and display device also includes a processor coupled tothe communications interface and a non-transitory machine-readablestorage medium encoded with program code executable by the processor ofthe mobile communication and display device. The program code executableby the processor of the mobile communication and display device includesprogram code for periodically generating a respective prognosis scorefor each of the subjects using the respective values indicative of theplurality of real-time physiological signs for the respective subject inthe received, periodically transmitted electronic signals from each ofthe plurality of monitoring devices. The program code executable by theprocessor of the mobile communication and display device also includesprogram code for periodically generating an alert for at least two ofthe subjects based on the periodically generated prognosis scores.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a computer-implementedmethod for automated physiological monitoring and prognosis of aplurality of subjects is provided. The computer-implemented methodincludes, for each of a plurality of monitoring devices and each of aplurality of subjects, deploying a respective portion of a respectivemonitoring device of the plurality of monitoring devices on a surface ofa respective subject of the plurality of subjects. The surface of eachof the plurality of subjects is either opposite a concha of a respectiveear of the respective subject or over a mastoid region of the respectivesubject. The computer-implemented method includes, for each of theplurality of monitoring devices and each of the plurality of subjects,deploying another respective portion of each of the plurality ofmonitoring devices on a neck surface of the respective subject. Thecomputer-implemented method includes, at each of the plurality ofmonitoring devices, monitoring, in real time, a plurality ofphysiological parameters at the respective concha or mastoid surface ofthe respective subject using a plurality of physiological sensors withinthe respective portion of the respective monitoring device. Thereal-time monitored physiological parameters include electrocardiogram,ballistocardiogram, and at least one of skin conductance or skinresistance. At least one of the plurality of physiological sensors ineach of the monitoring devices includes green and infrared (IR) lightemitters and a corresponding light receptor. The computer-implementedmethod includes, at each of the plurality of monitoring devices,periodically generating respective data based on each of the real-timemonitored physiological parameters at the respective concha or mastoidsurface of the respective subject. The computer-implemented method alsoincludes, at each of the plurality of monitoring devices, monitoring, inreal time, motion of the respective subject at the respective necksurface of the respective subject using a motion sensor within theanother respective portion of the respective monitoring device, andperiodically generating respective data based on the real-time monitoredmotion at the respective neck surface of the respective subject.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the computer-implementedmethod includes, at each of the plurality of monitoring devices,periodically generating respective values indicative of amotion-corrected heart rate physiological sign for the respectivesubject using the periodically generated ballistocardiogram data, theperiodically generated green light data from the at least one of theplurality of physiological sensors, the periodically generated infraredlight data from the at least one of the plurality of physiologicalsensors as a motion reference, and the periodically generated data fromthe motion sensor within the another respective portion of therespective monitoring device. The computer-implemented method includes,at each of the plurality of monitoring devices, periodically generatingrespective values indicative of a motion-corrected respiratory ratephysiological sign for the respective subject using the periodicallygenerated ballistocardiogram data; the periodically generatedelectrocardiogram data or the periodically generated at least one ofskin conductance or skin resistance data; the periodically generatedgreen light data from the at least one of the plurality of physiologicalsensors, the periodically generated infrared light data from the atleast one of the plurality of physiological sensors as a motionreference, and the periodically generated data from the motion sensorwithin the another respective portion of the respective monitoringdevice. The computer-implemented method also includes, at each of theplurality of monitoring devices, periodically generating respectivevalues indicative of at least one of a hydration level physiologicalsign, a stress level physiological sign, or a neurological responsephysiological sign, for the respective subject using the periodicallygenerated at least one of skin conductance or skin resistance data. Thecomputer-implemented method also includes, at each of the plurality ofmonitoring devices, periodically generating respective values indicativeof at least one of a pacemaker edge detection physiological sign, or aR-R interval physiological sign, for the respective subject using theperiodically generated electrocardiogram data, and the periodicallygenerated data from the motion sensor within the another respectiveportion of the respective monitoring device. The computer-implementedmethod also includes, at each of the plurality of monitoring devices,periodically transmitting, over a wireless network and to a mobilecommunication and display device, electronic signals comprising thegenerated respective values indicative of the motion-corrected heartrate physiological sign, the motion-corrected respiratory ratephysiological sign, the at least one of the hydration level, stresslevel, or neurological response physiological sign, and the at least oneof the pacemaker edge detection or R-R interval physiological sign.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a system for automatedphysiological monitoring and prognosis of a plurality of subjects isprovided. The system includes a plurality of monitoring devices. Arespective portion of each monitoring device is configured fordeployment on a surface of a respective subject of a plurality ofsubjects. The surface is either opposite a concha of a respective ear ofthe respective subject or over a mastoid region of the respectivesubject. The respective portion of each monitoring device includes aplurality of physiological sensors. Each physiological sensor isconfigured to periodically generate respective data based on one morereal-time monitored physiological parameters at the respective concha ormastoid surface of the respective subject. The real-time monitoredphysiological parameters include electrocardiogram, ballistocardiogram,and at least one of skin conductance or skin resistance. At least one ofthe plurality of physiological sensors in the respective portion of eachmonitoring device includes green and infrared (IR) light emitters and acorresponding light receptor. Another respective portion of eachmonitoring device is configured for deployment on a neck surface of therespective subject of the plurality of subjects. The another respectiveportion of the respective monitoring device includes a motion sensorconfigured to periodically generate respective data based on real-timemonitored motion at the neck surface of the respective subject. Each ofthese plurality of monitoring devices also includes a processor, and anon-transitory machine-readable storage medium encoded with program codeexecutable by the processor for periodically generating respectivevalues indicative of a plurality of real-time physiological signs forthe respective subject.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, each of the plurality ofmonitoring devices includes program code executable by the processor forperiodically generating respective values indicative of a real-time,motion-corrected heart rate physiological sign for the respectivesubject using the periodically generated ballistocardiogram data, theperiodically generated green light data from the at least one of theplurality of physiological sensors, the periodically generated infraredlight data from the at least one of the plurality of physiologicalsensors as a motion reference, and the periodically generated data fromthe motion sensor within the another respective portion of therespective monitoring device. Each of the plurality of monitoringdevices also include program code executable by the processor forperiodically generating respective values indicative of a real-time,motion-corrected respiratory rate physiological sign for the respectivesubject using the periodically generated ballistocardiogram data; theperiodically generated electrocardiogram data or the periodicallygenerated at least one of skin conductance or skin resistance data; theperiodically generated green light data from the at least one of theplurality of physiological sensors, the periodically generated infraredlight data from the at least one of the plurality of physiologicalsensors as a motion reference, and the periodically generated data fromthe motion sensor within the another respective portion of therespective monitoring device. Each of the plurality of monitoringdevices also include program code executable by the processor forperiodically generating respective values indicative of at least one ofa real-time hydration level, stress level, or neurological responsephysiological sign for the respective subject using the periodicallygenerated at least one of skin conductance or skin resistance data. Eachof the plurality of monitoring devices also include program codeexecutable by the processor for periodically generating respectivevalues indicative of at least one of a real-time pacemaker edgedetection physiological sign, or a R-R interval physiological sign, forthe respective subject using the periodically generatedelectrocardiogram data, and the periodically generated data from themotion sensor within the another respective portion of the respectivemonitoring device. Each of the plurality of monitoring devices alsoinclude a transmitter configured to periodically transmit electronicsignals over a wireless network, the transmitted electronic signalscomprising the periodically generated respective values indicative ofthe plurality of real-time physiological signs for the respectivesubject.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, in addition to theplurality of monitoring devices, the system for automated physiologicalmonitoring and prognosis of the plurality of subjects also includes amobile communication and display device. The mobile communication anddisplay device includes a communications interface configured to becoupled to the wireless network and to receive the periodicallytransmitted electronic signals over the wireless network from each ofthe plurality of monitoring devices. The mobile communication anddisplay device also includes a processor coupled to the communicationsinterface and a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium encodedwith program code executable by the processor. The program codeexecutable by the processor of the mobile communication and displaydevice includes program code for periodically generating a respectiveprognosis score for each of the plurality of subjects using therespective values indicative of the plurality of real-time physiologicalsigns for the respective subject in the received, periodicallytransmitted electronic signals from each of the plurality of monitoringdevices. The program code executable by the processor of the mobilecommunication and display device also includes program code forperiodically generating an alert for at least two of the subjects basedon the periodically generated prognosis scores.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various aspects of the present disclosure will be or become apparent toone with skill in the art by reference to the following detaileddescription when considered in connection with the accompanyingexemplary non-limiting embodiments.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example of a monitoring device inaccordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example of a system for automated triageprioritization according to some embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an example of a subject monitoring core ofa mobile communication and display device in accordance with someembodiments of the present subject matter.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a computer-implemented method ofautomated triage prioritization according to some embodiments.

FIGS. 5A-5C are flow charts illustrating examples of acomputer-implemented method of automated triage prioritization accordingto some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a computer-implemented method ofautomated triage prioritization according to some embodiments.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating a computer-implemented method ofautomated triage prioritization in accordance with some embodiments ofthe present subject matter.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an example of a mobile communication anddisplay device in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 9A is a front elevation view of an example of a monitoring deviceincluding first and second portions according to some embodiments.

FIG. 9B is a side elevation view of an example of a monitoring deviceincluding first and second portions according to some embodiments.

FIG. 9C is a rear elevation view of an example of a monitoring deviceincluding first and second portions according to some embodiments.

FIG. 10A is a side elevation view of an example of a second portion of amonitoring device and illustrating internal components of the sameaccording to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10B is a rear elevation view of an example of a second portion of amonitoring device and illustrating internal components of the sameaccording to some embodiments.

FIGS. 11A-11B are illustrative screenshots of examples of userinterfaces of a mobile communication and display device according tosome embodiments of the present subject matter.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of an example of a monitoring devicedispensing unit in accordance with some embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMPLES

With reference to the Figures, where like elements have been given likenumerical designations to facilitate an understanding of the drawings,the various embodiments of systems and computer-implemented methods ofautomated physiological monitoring, triage, and treatment are described.The figures are not drawn to scale.

Various embodiments address the foregoing deficiencies of prior artsystems and methods of monitoring a person's physiological signs andanalyzing such information for triage and treatment, especially intrauma, battlefield, emergency room, terrorist attack, or naturaldisaster scenarios, and provide systems and methods to facilitatedynamic, automatic, real-time prognoses and triage prioritization insuch environments to the benefit of government, military, business,individual users (e.g. first responders, emergency medical technicians(EMTs)), patients, and providers of such services, alike. For example,patients benefit from being able to have first responders and EMTsaccurately, efficiently treat them and increase the likelihood of savingtheir lives. Users (first responders, EMTs) benefit from being able toaccurately, and in real-time, receive monitored physiological data,prognoses, and triage prioritization, of patients, even in trauma,battlefield, terrorist attack, emergency room, or natural disasterscenarios, to significantly enhance their decision-making and ability totreat subjects and save lives. Government (e.g. military, lawenforcement agencies, intelligence agencies) and business (e.g.employers, hospitals) benefit from being able to collect real-timelocation data, physiological data, prognoses and triage prioritization,to significantly enhance their recordkeeping, provision of careinstructions, medical evacuation, casualty evacuation, and alertsnotification. Service providers benefit from being able to offer suchservices on an on-demand or as-needed basis over wireless networks, andthe Internet or Web.

The following description is provided as an enabling teaching of arepresentative set of examples. Many changes can be made to theembodiments described herein while still obtaining beneficial results.Some of the desired benefits discussed below can be obtained byselecting some of the features or steps discussed herein withoututilizing other features or steps. Accordingly, many modifications andadaptations, as well as subsets of the features and steps describedherein are possible and can even be desirable in certain circumstances.Thus, the following description is provided as illustrative and is notlimiting.

This description of illustrative embodiments is intended to be read inconnection with the accompanying drawings, which are to be consideredpart of the entire written description. In the description ofembodiments disclosed herein, any reference to direction or orientationis merely intended for convenience of description and is not intended inany way to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Relative termssuch as “lower,” “upper,” “horizontal,” “vertical,”, “above,” “below,”“up,” “down,” “top” and “bottom” as well as derivative thereof (e.g.,“horizontally,” “downwardly,” “upwardly,” etc.) should be construed torefer to the orientation as then described or as shown in the drawingunder discussion. These relative terms are for convenience ofdescription only and do not require that a system or apparatus beconstructed or operated in a particular orientation. Terms such as“attached,” “affixed,” “connected” and “interconnected,” refer to arelationship wherein structures are secured or attached to one anothereither directly or indirectly through intervening structures, as well asboth movable or rigid attachments or relationships, unless expresslydescribed otherwise. The term “adjacent” as used herein to describe therelationship between structures/components includes both direct contactbetween the respective structures/components referenced and the presenceof other intervening structures/components between respectivestructures/components.

As used herein, use of a singular article such as “a,” “an” and “the” isnot intended to exclude pluralities of the article's object unless thecontext clearly and unambiguously dictates otherwise.

The inventors have developed systems and methods of automated prognosisand triage prioritization in trauma situations where the number ofsubjects (e.g. ambulatory patients, soldiers, victims of terroristattacks or roadside bombs or natural disasters, emergency room patients)exceeds the number of qualified, available medical personnel, and wheretriage based on the severity of the injuries is critically important.For example, the inventors have determined that systems and methodsprovided herein can monitor a plurality of subjects' physiologicalsigns, location, and orientation, and environmental parameters in thesubjects' environment, non-invasively and accurately, and wirelesslytransmit generated electronic signals including such information to oneor more mobile communication and display devices. The inventor hasdetermined that the one or more mobile communication and display devicesprovided herein can run a native application, web application, or mobileapplication, programmed to process such electronic signals into machineand human readable values, dynamically and automatically in real-timegenerate respective severity scores, prognosis scores, and a triageprioritization order, for each of the subjects, and display humanreadable values of such physiological signs, prognoses, and triageprioritization order, for medics, physicians, EMTs, or first responders,to use in treating the subjects in the order of the most urgent careneeded to the least urgent care needed. The inventors have furtherdetermined that systems and methods provided herein can significantlycompress cycle time of medics, physicians, EMTs, or first responders',casualty monitoring, evaluation, decision-making, and treatment, to savelives.

The inventor has also determined that systems and methods providedherein can register and assign monitoring devices via RFID, QR Code,barcode, or similar identifications, with subjects, subject biometricinformation, and subject identifying information (e.g. photos, audio,video), in real-time and in battlefield, hospital-like, mass casualtyevents, emergency room waiting room, natural disaster, roadside bomb,terrorist attack situations. The inventor has additionally determinedthat systems and methods provided herein can heuristically andpredictively model the various subjects' physiological signs with suchsubjects' medical histories to dynamically and automatically inreal-time generate and update respective severity scores, prognosisscores, and triage prioritization orders, for more serious conditions,such as internal bleeding, hemorrhaging, stroke, that would otherwise beunavailable to such medics, physicians, EMTs, or first responders. Theinventors has further determined that systems and methods providedherein can provide such heuristically and predictively modeled data tothe fingertips of such medics, physicians, EMTs, or first responders, inorder to permit enhanced real-time decision-making. The inventor hasalso determined that systems and methods provided herein can dynamicallyand automatically in real-time update such subjects' medical historieswith physiological signs, location, severity scores, prognosis scores,and other information.

The inventors have further determined that systems and methods providedherein can dynamically and automatically in real-time provide subjects'geolocation data, select monitoring groups, locate subjects, andsignificantly compress cycle time for triage, care instructionpreparation, medical evacuation (“MEDEVAC”) or casualty evacuation(“CASEVAC”) procedures. The inventor has also determined that systemsand methods provided herein can permit real-time two-way communicationsand transfer of real-time data, such as severity scores, prognosisscores, and triage prioritization order, between EMTs or firstresponders' and centralized physicians to change prognoses, send alertsor instructions, create MEDEVAC, CASEVAC, and post-injury reports, andmodify ambulatory or hospital arrangements, such as which hospital thevarious subjects will be taken to. The inventor has also determined thatsystems and methods provided herein performs continuous collection ofmedical data on various subjects, continuous correlations, and otherdata analyses, with such new data, and places such correlated, updateddata at the fingertips of future medics, physicians, EMTs, or firstresponders in order to permit continuously enhanced real-timedecision-making. The inventors have further determined that, forexample, the systems and methods described herein can provide continuoushealth monitoring for a wide variety of government agencies andindustries (e.g. law enforcement agencies, military, intelligenceagencies, hospitals, contract security, non-governmental organizations,electric power, oil and gas, industrial manufacturing, transportation,retail/consumer, security and facility protection) and automate effortsto significantly shorten cycle times betweenattack/accident/disaster/injury identification, prognosis, triage, andtreatment.

The inventor has determined that the systems and methods describedherein may provide triage indication such as, for example, for singlesubject field triage, multiple subject field triage, single subjecthospital triage, multiple subject hospital triage, and emergencyresponse mass casualty monitoring (e.g., floods, disasters, terrorism,etc.). The inventor has determined that the systems and methodsdescribed herein may provide general monitoring indication such as, forexample, for prolonged field care monitoring, prolonged patientmonitoring, emergency room waiting room monitoring, nursinghome/long-term care monitoring, chronic care monitoring, dementiapatient monitoring and geolocation, suicide watch, drug rehab, mentalhealth facilities/asylums, hospice care, and low-cost/third worldoperating room monitoring. The inventor has determined that the systemsand methods described herein may also provide, for example, telemedicinemonitoring indication, sleep apnea monitoring indication (e.g. withmonitoring devices usable as noninvasive devices to monitor subjectswhile sleeping), cardiac monitoring indication after heart surgery(which typically requires monitoring during all activities), burn victimmonitoring indication, ambulatory monitoring indication (e.g.,ambulance, MEDEVAC, helicopter, fixed wing aircraft (e.g., C-130),search and rescue, etc.), and pandemic/infectious disease/quarantinemonitoring indication. The inventor has determined that the systems andmethods described herein may also provide pediatric monitoringindication such as, for example, for NICU infant monitoring, cribmonitoring, daycare monitoring and geolocation, school nurse assistance,and youth sports.

The inventor has also determined that the systems and methods describedherein may provide general wellness tracking/monitoring indication suchas, for example, for cyclists/triathletes, quantified self enthusiasts,biohackers, sports and performance monitoring (e.g., football players orpro drivers, etc.), in-home monitoring, remote monitoring, groupgeolocation monitoring, professional stress monitoring (e.g., pilots,truck drivers, etc.), chronic care monitoring, and health and fitnessmonitoring. The inventor has also determined that the systems andmethods described herein may provide monitoring for closed circuitfitness events such as, for example, CrossFit competitions, enduranceraces (e.g. triathalon, IronMan), general communal exercise events, etc.and provide subject location and health condition monitoring during suchevents. The inventor has also determined that the systems and methodsdescribed herein may provide at-risk employee monitoring and indicationsuch as, for example, for HAZMAT workers, truck drivers, pilots, divers,athletes (e.g. athlete monitoring to diagnose injuries (e.g. concussionsand other blunt force traumas), etc. The inventor has further determinedthat the systems and methods described herein may provide, for example,insurance physicals indication/monitoring, interrogationsmonitoring/field lie detection indication, charge/prisoner monitoring,sensitive skin monitoring. The inventor has further determined that thesystems and methods described herein may be useful in public healthstudies, research, search and rescue operations, disaster evacuationoperations, and in terrorism events.

Referring to FIG. 1 , a block diagram of an example of a monitoringdevice 140 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosureis provided. In various embodiments, monitoring device 140 is acontext-aware physiological and environmental parameters monitoringdevice. In various embodiments, for example as illustrated in FIG. 1 ,monitoring device 140 is a non-invasive monitoring device. In variousembodiments, monitoring device 140 is dustproof, splash-proof, and/orconfigured to operate while submerged in water. In various embodiments,the circuitry of monitoring device 140 is coated in a Parylene or otherpolymer coating to keep it out of contact with outside air, dust, ormoisture.

As shown in FIG. 1 , monitoring device 140 may include a first portion110 and a second portion 120. In various embodiments, first portion 110of monitoring device 140 is a patch including an adhesive surface. Anysuitable adhesive may be utilized to attach a surface of first portion110 of monitoring device 140 to a surface of a subject 100. In variousembodiments, adhesive (not shown) is a biological adhesive that isconducive to the electrical signals of the sensors of monitoring device140, and configured to adhere to a surface of a subject 100 even in thepresence of contaminates such as, for example, mud, blood, sweat, orwater, at the site of its application. In various embodiments, adhesive(not shown) is configured to adhere to a surface of the subject inadverse conditions, but also be removed using a peeling force or asolvent. In various embodiments, first portion 110 of monitoring device140 includes additional adhesive for reusability.

In various embodiments, first portion 110 of monitoring device 140 isconnected to second portion 120 via an electromechanical interconnect114. In some embodiments, electromechanical interconnect 114 maycomprise a variable length, ergonomic, flexible printed circuit and/orassociated electronics, connectors, etc., configured to enablecommunication of electronic signals such as, for example, clock,physiological sensor data, orientation sensor data, motion sensor data,power data, and other data, between an electronic subsystem of firstportion 110, an electronic subsystem of second portion 120, and/orexternal electronics. In some embodiments, electromechanicalinterconnect 114 may comprise, for example, a plurality of ergonomicallydesigned flexible printed circuits, one or more wires in one or morepliable cable assemblies, optical fibers, one or more printed circuitboards, one or more combinations of flexible printed circuits, cableassemblies, connectors, and printed circuit boards, a part or all of alanyard that can be worn about or around a neck or other body locationof a subject 100. Electromechanical interconnect 114 may also comprise aunique identification value such as, for example, a predeterminedresistor value, that is identifiable by an electronic subsystem of firstportion 110 and/or an electronic subsystem of second portion 120. Insome embodiments, electromechanical interconnect 114 is a quick releaseconnector to permit refurbishment of the first portion 110 while thesecond portion 120 remains in place.

Monitoring device 140 can be deployed on one or more locations onsubject 100 such as, for example, on an inner surface of an ear, on anear lobe, on a surface of the neck, the forehead, a temple, a cheek, thechest, a shoulder, the back, the abdomen, an arm, a leg, a hip, a bicep,a thigh, a wrist, an elbow, a knee, a foot, a toe, or the genitals ofsubject 100.

As shown in FIG. 1 , in various embodiments, a first portion 110 ofmonitoring device 140 is deployed on the surface area available on asubject 100 ear opposite the concha area for sensing one or morephysiological signs. The inventor has determined that deployingphysiological sensors of the monitoring device 140 on a surface oppositea concha of an ear of a subject 100 provides a surface that has highblood flow, in that the tissue beneath the external skin surface of thisportion of the ear has a high concentration of capillary beds, and thathas limited or predictable motion, even during emergency situations. Invarious embodiments, a first portion 110 of monitoring device 140 isdeployed on the surface area available on a subject 100 over a mastoidregion of the neck of the subject 100. The inventor has determined thatdeploying physiological sensors of the monitoring device 140 on asurface over a mastoid region of the neck of the subject 100 (e.g. onskin over the mastoid area of the neck directly behind the subject's earand in front of the subject's hairline) also provides many benefits(e.g. high blood perfusion, accessibility without clothing interference,non-invasive while a subject is in motion or at rest, limited hair, andreadily available access to the arteries for blood composition analyses,etc.), and may be particularly useful in instances where a surfaceopposite a concha of the ear of the subject is compromised (e.g. due toinjury, illness, skin issues, burns, etc.). Relative to the surfaceopposite the concha, the inventor has determined that the surface overthe mastoid has a higher rate of sweat glands and hair follicles, and ahigher likelihood of interference with clothing, headgear, helmets, etc.Where first portion 110 of monitoring device 140 is deployed on asurface of a subject 100 that is not opposite a concha of an ear of asubject 100, and not over a mastoid region of the neck of the subject100, a suitable data transformation may be necessary to calibrate thedata received at a mobile communication and display device (e.g. 800).

In various embodiments, such as, for example, where monitoring ofphysiological parameters of ambulatory or hospitalized patients duringemergency situations is required, a first portion 110 of monitoringdevice 140 may be deployed on a surface opposite a concha of an ear of asubject 100, or over a mastoid region of the neck of a subject 100, toensure accurate results. In various embodiments, first portion 110 ofmonitoring device 140 includes a single sensor side in that vital orphysiological signs of a subject 100 are only monitored on a single sidetowards a surface of the subject. In various embodiments, monitoringdevice 140 includes a collection of physiological sensors. In variousembodiments, one or more physiological sensors are included in a firstportion 110 of monitoring device 140. In various embodiments, thesensors are non-invasive. In various embodiments, monitoring device 140is a low-cost, disposable device. The inventors have determined that amonitoring device described herein may be bio-contaminated in apre-hospital or triage environment (e.g. a trauma, battlefield,terrorist attack, emergency room, or natural disaster, environment wheremud, blood, sweat, water, and other contaminates are prevalent) andreplaced at a low cost. For example, first portion 110 of monitoringdevice 140 may be a disposable portion including a plurality ofphysiological sensors and second portion 120 may be a reusable,finitely-reusable, or refurbishable, portion. By way of another example,monitoring device 140 may be a single, disposable unit. In variousembodiments, an electronic subsystem of first portion 110 may include aunique identification value such as, for example, a predeterminedresistor value, that is identifiable by an electronic subsystem ofelectromechanical interconnect 114 and/or an electronic subsystem ofsecond portion 120.

In various embodiments, an electronic subsystem of first portion 110 ofmonitoring device 140 includes a light emitter 115, a light receptor116, a heart rate sensor 117, a motion sensor 118, an electricalpotential sensor 111, a respiratory rate sensor 113, a temperaturesensor 116, and an orientation sensor 118. In various embodiments, anelectronic subsystem of first portion 110 of monitoring device 140includes two or more of a light emitter 115 and a light receptor 116, anelectrocardiogram (ECG) sensor including an electrical potential sensor111, a skin temperature sensor 106, a skin conductance (or skinresistance) sensor 109, a motion sensor 118, and an orientation sensor118. In some embodiments, an electronic subsystem of first portion 110includes one or more of an electroencephalography (EEG) sensorconfigured to monitor a subject's brain activity, a blood loss sensorconfigured to monitor the amount of blood that has been lost from thesubject's circulatory system, a liquid (e.g. blood) sensor, a Heart RateVariability (HRV) sensor, a CO₂ sensor configured to monitor theconcentration of CO₂ in a subject's blood and/or end-tidal CO₂, anelectromyography (EMG) sensor, or any suitable sensor.

In various embodiments, light emitter 115 and light receptor 116 includean infrared light emitting diode (LED), red LED, other color LED, a redvertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) diode, an infrared VCSELdiode, other color VCSEL, a multi-wavelength/color LED, amulti-wavelength/color VCSEL diode, and/or a photodiode. In variousembodiments, an activated red and infrared LED can be utilized to emitred and infrared light respectively, onto and/or through a surface suchas, for example, an area on a subject 100 ear opposite the concha area,a surface of subject 100 over a mastoid region of the neck of a subject100, or other alternative relevant body or other location suitable forsensing relevant physiological signals such as, for example, bloodoxygen saturation (i.e. pulse oximetry (SpO₂)), respiratory rate, heartrate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), photoplethysmogram (PPG), pulsetransit time, pulse wave velocity, and CO₂ concentration in a subject'sblood (using linear correlations). In various embodiments, an activatedred, green and infrared LED can be utilized to emit red, green, andinfrared light respectively, onto and/or through such a surface ofsubject 100 suitable for sensing such relevant physiological signals.The inventor has determined that using green LEDs, in addition to redand infrared LEDs provides an additional measurement at the same timethat allows for motion-based error correction while keeping powerconsumption at approximately the same rate.

The inventor has determined a technique to accurately reconstructmotion-compromised PPG, HR, SpO₂; and HRV signals based on time-varyingspectral analysis using a spectral filter algorithm. In variousembodiments, the power spectral density of PPG and accelerometer signalsfor each time shift of a windowed data segment is calculated. In variousembodiments, frequency peaks resulting from motion artifacts aredistinguished from the PPG spectrum by comparing time-varying spectra ofPPG and accelerometer data. In various embodiments, a technique toaccurately reconstruct motion-compromised PPG, HR, and HRV signalsincludes time-varying power spectral density (PSD) calculations;spectral filtering; motion artifact detection; HR and SpO₂reconstruction, and signal reconstruction. In various embodiments, afirst method is performed in which window-segmented power spectraldensity (PSD) of PPG and accelerometer signals is calculated inreal-time to scale each estimate of the PSD by the equivalent noisebandwidth of the window. In various embodiments, a second method isperformed in which PPG waveforms from green and infrared LED signals areused in motion artifact detection; HR and SpO₂ reconstruction, andsignal reconstruction. The green PPG waveform is used for HR and SpO₂monitoring and the IR PPG signal waveform is used as the motionreference. In various embodiments, the motion removal process of thesecond method utilizes continuous wavelet transformations. In variousembodiments, the two (2) calculated waveform sets from the first andsecond methods are compared and, if motion artifacts are positivelyidentified, the first and second method results are blended withweight-based averages. In various embodiments, the value correspondingto the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood is estimated byapplying a linear formula, linear correlation index, or machine learningbot opportunity to a collected sample size of the aforementioned vitalsign measurement data.

In various embodiments, first portion 110 of monitoring device 140includes a pulse oximetry sensor including light emitter 115 and lightreceptor 116. In various embodiments, one or more photodiodes can beutilized to receive and convert light reflected from a surface of asubject 100 into electric current that can be processed by a pulseoximetry sensor for the purpose of measuring and quantifyingphysiological signals from the area of the subject illuminated by theinfrared LED, red LED, green LED and photodiode. In some embodiments,one or more photodiodes can be utilized to receive and convert lightthat is transmitted through a surface of a subject 100 into electriccurrent. In various embodiments, first portion 110 of monitoring device140 includes a pulse oximetry sensor including light emitter 115 andlight receptor 116. In various embodiments, light emitter 115 isconfigured to emit light in a direction toward a concha of a subject 100and light receptor 116 is configured to receive light reflected from theone or more sources (e.g. skin, blood, tissue) in the direction. Invarious embodiments, light emitter 115 is configured to emit light in adirection away from a surface of the neck over a mastoid region of asubject 100 and light receptor 116 is configured to receive lightreflected from the one or more sources (e.g. skin, blood, tissue) in thedirection. In various embodiments, the pulse oximetry sensor isconfigured to generate an electronic pulse oximetry signal based on thereceived, reflected light. In various embodiments, pulse oximetry sensorincludes one or more filters that are pre-programmed or pre-configuredto filter reflected light from sources other than blood. In variousembodiments, pulse oximetry sensor is configured to detect and filterintermittent light and the first portion 110 of monitoring device 140 isconfigured to use picket fence algorithms to reduce errors introduced bymotion of a subject. In various embodiments, the second portion 120 ofmonitoring device 140, in communication with first portion 110 ofmonitoring device 140, is configured to use picket fence algorithms toreduce errors introduced by motion of a subject. In various embodiments,pulse oximetry sensor may sense and/or process ambient light tocalibrate readings of light emitter 115 and light receptor 116. Invarious embodiments, pulse oximetry sensor is a minimal footprint (e.g.0.05-75 millimeter (mm) (length), 0.05-75 mm (width), 0.05-25 mm(height)) and low-power (e.g. 0.1-5 milliwatts (mW)) pulse oximetryanalog and/or digital front-end integrated circuit including supportingelectronics, designed, fabricated, and assembled on one or more layersof one or more flexible printed circuit and/or printed circuit boardthat constitutes part of an electronic subsystem of first portion 110.In various embodiments, a pulse oximetry sensor includes a plurality ofinterfaces to external electronics and/or external physical parameterssuch as, for example, a first interface to enable the supply ofelectricity to the sensor via electromechanical interconnect 114 andfrom a power source subsystem 128 that is part of an electronicsubsystem of second portion 120 of monitoring device 140, a secondinterface to coordinate transmission and/or reception of electronicsignals such as, for example, digital control signals, variable analogsignals, etc., to and/or from the light emitter 115 and light receptor116 (e.g. infrared LED, red LED and photodiode), and a third interfaceto coordinate transmission and/or reception of electronic signals suchas a clock, processed physiological signals data, etc., to and/or from aprocessor subsystem 132 that is part of an electronic subsystem ofsecond portion 120 of monitoring device 140. In various embodiments,light emitter 115 and light receptor 116 provide an electronic signalinput to respiratory rate sensor 113. In various embodiments, lightemitter 115 and light receptor 116 provide an electronic signal input toa heart rate sensor, a HRV sensor, a pulse transit time sensor, a pulsewave velocity sensor, and/or a CO₂ sensor. In various embodiments, pulseoximetry sensor (including light emitter 115 and light receptor 116) isconfigured to generate an electronic signal usable to generaterespective machine readable values indicative of a plurality ofphysiological signs for subject 100 including heart rate, respiratoryrate, HRV, pulse transit time, pulse wave velocity, or CO₂ concentrationwithin a subject's blood.

In various embodiments, motion sensor 112 includes, for example, amulti-motion axis gyroscope, a multi-motion axis accelerometer, amulti-motion axis magnetometer, or combinations thereof. Any suitablenumber of axes can be utilized for the multi-motion axis motion sensor112. In various embodiments, motion sensor 112 includes a tri-axisaccelerometer providing nine (9) axes of motion. In various embodiments,the number of axes for the multi-motion axis motion sensor 112 is six(6). In some embodiments, the number of axes for the multi-motion axismotion sensor 112 is eight (8). In various embodiments, motion sensor112 is a minimal footprint (e.g. 0.05-75 mm (length), 0.05-75 mm(width), 0.05-25 mm (height)) and low-power (e.g. 0.1-10 mW) motiontracking integrated circuit including supporting electronics, designed,fabricated, and assembled on one or more layers of one or more flexibleprinted circuit and/or printed circuit board that constitutes part of anelectronic subsystem of first portion 110. In various embodiments, amotion sensor 112 includes a plurality of interfaces to externalelectronics and/or external physical parameters such as, for example, afirst interface to enable the supply of electricity to the sensor viaelectromechanical interconnect 114 and from a power source subsystem 128that is part of an electronic subsystem of second portion 120 ofmonitoring device 140, a second interface to a plurality of intricatemicroelectromechanical structures internal to the integrated circuit ofmotion sensor 112 which include structures configured to be physicallydisplaced in response to movement at the deployed surface of subject 100such as, for example, a series of overlapping cantilever structures, anda third interface to coordinate transmission and/or reception ofelectronic signals such as a clock, processed physiological signalsdata, etc., to and/or from a processor subsystem 132 that is part of anelectronic subsystem of second portion 120 of monitoring device 140. Invarious embodiments, motion sensor 112 is configured to monitor motionof a subject relative to a motion axis and to generate an electronicmotion signal based on the monitored motion. In various embodiments,motion sensor 112 is configured to detect motion of a subject's head inresponse to heart beat to generate an electronic ballistocardiograph(BCG) signal. In various embodiments, motion sensor 112 provides anelectronic signal input to a blood pressure sensor. In variousembodiments, first portion 110 of monitoring device 140 includes a bloodpressure sensor including motion sensor 112. In various embodiments,motion sensor 112 provides an electronic signal input to respiratoryrate sensor 113 and/or heart rate sensor 117. In various embodiments,first portion 110 of monitoring device 140 includes an electrocardiogram(ECG) sensor, a motion sensor 112, and a pulse oximetry sensor (115,116) configured to generate respective electronic signals. In variousembodiments, as described below, these respective electronic signals maybe used to generate respective machine readable values indicative of aplurality of physiological signs for subject 100 including mean arterialblood pressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulsetransit time, pulse wave velocity, or the time elapsed between the Rwave of the ECG and the J wave of the BCG (R-J interval). In variousembodiments, an electronic ballistocardiograph (BCG) signal provided bymotion sensor 112 may be used to generate respective machine readablevalues indicative of the number of steps that a subject 100 has takenover a period of time, and/or taps and pulses to first portion 110 ofmonitoring device 140 (and/or second portion 120 of monitoring device140).

In various embodiments, orientation sensor 118 includes, for example, amulti-orientation axis gyroscope, a multi-orientation axisaccelerometer, a multi-orientation axis magnetometer, or combinationsthereof. Any suitable number of axes can be utilized for themulti-orientation axis orientation sensor 118. In various embodiments,first portion 110 of monitoring device 140, including an orientationsensor 118, may be affixed to a surface on a subject 100 ear oppositethe concha, a surface of subject 100 over a mastoid region of the neckof subject 100, or other alternative relevant body surface. In variousembodiments, orientation sensor 118 may sense and/or process movementsof the subject such as, for example, movements associated with sitting,standing, walking, lying face down, laying face up, or any othersuitable orientation, including subtle localized body movements that canbe correlated to internal biological activities or signals such asbreathing rate, etc. In various embodiments, orientation sensor 118includes a tri-axis accelerometer providing nine (9) axes oforientation. In various embodiments, the number of axes for themulti-orientation axis orientation sensor 118 is six (6). In someembodiments, the number of axes for the multi-orientation axisorientation sensor 118 is eight (8). In various embodiments, orientationsensor 118 is a minimal footprint (e.g. 0.05-75 mm (length), 0.05-75 mm(width), 0.05-25 mm (height)) and low-power (e.g. 0.1-10 mW) orientationtracking integrated circuit including supporting electronics, designed,fabricated, and assembled on one or more layers of one or more flexibleprinted circuit and/or printed circuit board that constitutes part of anelectronic subsystem of first portion 110. In various embodiments, anorientation sensor 118 includes a plurality of interfaces to externalelectronics and/or external physical parameters such as, for example, afirst interface to enable the supply of electricity to the sensor viaelectromechanical interconnect 114 and from a power source subsystem 128that is part of an electronic subsystem of second portion 120 ofmonitoring device 140, a second interface to a plurality of intricatemicroelectromechanical structures internal to the integrated circuit oforientation sensor 118 which include structures configured to bephysically displaced in response to movement at the deployed surface ofsubject 100 such as, for example, a series of overlapping cantileverstructures, and a third interface to coordinate transmission and/orreception of electronic signals such as a clock, processed physiologicalsignals data, etc., to and/or from a processor subsystem 132 that ispart of an electronic subsystem of second portion 120 of monitoringdevice 140. In various embodiments, orientation sensor 118 is configuredto monitor an orientation of a subject relative to an orientation axisand to generate an electronic orientation signal based on the monitoredorientation. In various embodiments, orientation sensor 118 isconfigured to monitor an orientation of a subject relative to aplurality of orientation axes and to generate an electronic orientationsignal based on the monitored orientation and indicative of the subject100 standing, walking, running, kneeling, sitting, lying face up, lyingface down, laying on a side, and/or in a vehicle. In variousembodiments, motion sensor 112 and orientation sensor 118 are the samesensor. In various embodiments, motion axes of motion sensor 112 andorientation axes of orientation sensor 118 are the same axes.

In various embodiments, first portion 110 of monitoring device 140,including a temperature sensor 106, can be deployed on a surface ofsubject 100 (e.g. a surface opposite a concha of an ear of a subject100, a surface of subject 100 over a mastoid region of the neck ofsubject 100) and may be utilized to sense and/or process physiologicalparameters such as, for example, body temperature or skin temperature.In some embodiments, temperature sensor 106 can be deployed on a surfaceof subject 100 and used to process environmental parameters such as, forexample, ambient temperature. In various embodiments, temperature sensor106 includes, for example, a transducer integrated circuit configured toutilize silicon structures contained therein to sense ambienttemperature, a resistance temperature detector (RTD), a thermistor, athermocouple, or combinations thereof. In various embodiments,temperature sensor 116 includes an infrared thermopile sensor. Invarious embodiments, first portion 110 of monitoring device 140 includesa skin temperature sensor 106 and a pulse oximetry sensor (115, 116)configured to generate respective electronic signals. In variousembodiments, these respective electronic signals may be used to generaterespective machine readable values indicative of a plurality ofphysiological signs for subject 100 including core body temperature andcranial temperature. In various embodiments, temperature sensor 106 is aminimal footprint (e.g. 0.05-75 mm (length), 0.05-75 mm (width), 0.05-25mm (height)) and low-power (e.g. 0.1-5 mW) infrared thermopile sensorintegrated circuit including supporting electronics, designed,fabricated, and assembled on one or more layers of one or more flexibleprinted circuit and/or printed circuit board that constitutes part of anelectronic subsystem of first portion 110. In various embodiments,temperature sensor 106 includes an integrated math engine configured toprocess electronic signals received from one or more infrared thermopilesensors within an integrated circuit. In various embodiments,temperature sensor 106 includes a plurality of interfaces to externalelectronics and/or external physical parameters such as, for example, afirst interface to enable the supply of electricity to the sensor viaelectromechanical interconnect 114 and from a power source subsystem 128that is part of an electronic subsystem of second portion 120 ofmonitoring device 140, a second interface to materials such as, forexample, a thermopile, having physical properties sensitive tovariations in ambient temperature, and a third interface to coordinatetransmission and/or reception of electronic signals such as a clock,processed physiological signals data, etc., to and/or from a processorsubsystem 132 that is part of an electronic subsystem of second portion120 of monitoring device 140. In various embodiments, temperature sensor106 can be configured to monitor a temperature at a surface, and/or atemperature around a surface, of a subject 100 and to generate anelectronic temperature signal based on the monitored temperature.

In various embodiments, first portion 110 of monitoring device 140,including an electrical potential sensor 111, can be deployed on asurface of subject 100 (e.g. a surface opposite a concha of an ear of asubject 100, a surface of subject 100 over a mastoid region of the neckof subject 100) and may be utilized to measure electrical potential atthe surface of the subject 100. In various embodiments, anelectrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) sensor can include electrical potentialsensor 111. In various embodiments, an electromyograph (EMG) sensor,and/or an electroencephalograph (EEG) sensor, can include electricalpotential sensor 111. In various embodiments, electrical potentialsensor 111 is a minimal footprint (e.g. 0.05-75 mm (length), 0.05-75 mm(width), 0.05-25 mm (height)) sensor including one or more electrodeshaving rectilinear and/or non-rectilinear forms that are designed,fabricated, and assembled on one or more layers of one or more flexibleprinted circuit and/or printed circuit board that constitutes part of anelectronic subsystem of first portion 110. In various embodiments,electrical potential sensor 111 includes a plurality of interfaces toexternal electronics and/or external physical parameters such as, forexample, a first interface to enable the supply of electricity to thesensor via electromechanical interconnect 114 and from a power sourcesubsystem 128 that is part of an electronic subsystem of second portion120 of monitoring device 140, a second interface to one or moreelectrodes, and/or a capacitive touch controller subsystem of monitoringdevice 140 to coordinate transmission and reception of electronicsignals such as changes in ambient capacitance to/from electricalpotential sensor 111, and a third interface to coordinate transmissionand/or reception of electronic signals such as a clock, processedphysiological signals data, etc., to and/or from a processor subsystem132 that is part of an electronic subsystem of second portion 120 ofmonitoring device 140. In various embodiments, electrical potentialsensor 111 can be configured to monitor an electrical potential at asurface of a subject 100 and to generate an electronic electricalpotential signal based on the monitored electrical potential. In variousembodiments, electrical potential sensor 111 provides an electronicsignal input to respiratory rate sensor 113. In various embodiments,electrical potential sensor 111 provides an electronic signal input to ablood pressure sensor. In various embodiments, a blood pressure sensor(not shown), is configured to generate an electronic blood pressuresignal based on the electrical potential monitored by electricalpotential sensor 111 and the motion monitored by motion sensor 112. Invarious embodiments, a blood pressure sensor (not shown), is an arterialblood pressure sensor configured to monitor a subject's systolic and/ordiastolic blood pressures and to generate an electronic systolic and/ordiastolic blood pressure signal based on the monitored systolic and/ordiastolic blood pressures.

In various embodiments, first portion 110 of monitoring device 140includes an ECG sensor configured to generate electronic signals whichmay be used to generate respective machine readable values indicative ofa plurality of physiological signs for subject 100 including heart rate,pacemaker edge detection (e.g., with three chamber pacing with datalogging and ECG tagging for three rising and falling edges), and/or thetime elapsed between successive heartbeats (R-R interval). The inventorhas determined that such values may be generated accurately from firstportion 110 of monitoring device 140 at a single body location (asurface on a subject 100 ear opposite the concha, a surface of subject100 over a mastoid region of the neck of subject 100, etc.). In variousembodiments, ECG sensor is configured to calculate R-R interval using anadaptation of the Pan-Tompkins QRS detection algorithm as describedbelow. In various embodiments, ECG sensor is configured to generateelectronic signals which may be used to generate respective machinereadable values indicative of R-R interval using an adaptation of thePan-Tompkins QRS detection algorithm as described below. In variousembodiments, first portion 110 of monitoring device 140 includes an ECGsensor and an electrical potential sensor configured to respectivelygenerate electronic signals which may be used to respectively generaterespective machine readable values indicative of a plurality ofphysiological signs for subject 100 including stroke volume, heart rate,cardiac output, ventricular ejection time, and/or pre-ejection period.

In various embodiments, first portion 110 of monitoring device 140,including heart rate sensor 117, can be deployed on a surface of subject100 (e.g. a surface opposite a concha of an ear of a subject 100, asurface of subject 100 over a mastoid region of the neck of subject 100)and may be utilized to sense and/or process heart rate of a subject 100.In various embodiments, heart rate sensor 117 includes, for example, anelectrical potential sensor as described above, a motion sensor asdescribed above, a light emitter and light receptor as described above,or combinations thereof. In various embodiments, heart rate sensor 117is a minimal footprint (e.g. 0.05-75 mm (length), 0.05-75 mm (width),0.05-25 mm (height)) and low-power (e.g. 0.1-5 mW) integrated circuitincluding supporting electronics, designed, fabricated, and assembled onone or more layers of one or more flexible printed circuit and/orprinted circuit board that constitutes part of an electronic subsystemof first portion 110. In various embodiments, heart rate sensor 117includes an integrated math engine configured to process electronicsignals received from one or more of electrical potential sensor 111,motion sensor 112, light emitter 115 and light receptor 116 within anintegrated circuit. In various embodiments, heart rate sensor 117includes a plurality of interfaces to external electronics and/orexternal physical parameters such as, for example, a first interface toenable the supply of electricity to the sensor via electromechanicalinterconnect 114 and from a power source subsystem 128 that is part ofan electronic subsystem of second portion 120 of monitoring device 140,a second interface to electrical potential sensor 111, motion sensor112, light emitter 115 and light receptor 116, and a third interface tocoordinate transmission and/or reception of electronic signals such as aclock, processed physiological signals data, etc., to and/or from aprocessor subsystem 132 that is part of an electronic subsystem ofsecond portion 120 of monitoring device 140. In various embodiments,heart rate sensor 117 can be configured to monitor a pulse rate of asubject 100 and to generate an electronic heart rate signal based on themonitored pulse rate.

In various embodiments, first portion 110 of monitoring device 140,including respiratory rate sensor 113, can be deployed on a surface ofsubject 100 (e.g. a surface opposite a concha of an ear of a subject100, a surface of subject 100 over a mastoid region of the neck ofsubject 100) and may be utilized to sense and/or process respiratoryrate of a subject 100. In various embodiments, respiratory rate sensor113 includes, for example, an electrical potential sensor as describedabove, a motion sensor as described above, a light emitter 115 and lightreceptor 116 as described above, a skin conductance and/or skinresistance sensor 109 as described below, or combinations thereof. Invarious embodiments, respiratory rate sensor 113 includes, for example,an acoustic transducer integrated circuit configured to senserespiratory rate. In various embodiments, respiratory rate sensor 113 isa minimal footprint (e.g. 0.05-75 mm (length), 0.05-75 mm (width),0.05-25 mm (height)) and low-power (e.g. 0.1-5 mW) integrated circuitincluding supporting electronics, designed, fabricated, and assembled onone or more layers of one or more flexible printed circuit and/orprinted circuit board that constitutes part of an electronic subsystemof first portion 110. In various embodiments, respiratory rate sensor113 includes an integrated math engine configured to process electronicsignals received from one or more of electrical potential sensor 111,motion sensor 112, an acoustic transducer integrated circuit, within anintegrated circuit. In various embodiments, respiratory rate sensor 113includes a plurality of interfaces to external electronics and/orexternal physical parameters such as, for example, a first interface toenable the supply of electricity to the sensor via electromechanicalinterconnect 114 and from a power source subsystem 128 that is part ofan electronic subsystem of second portion 120 of monitoring device 140,a second interface to electrical potential sensor 111, motion sensor112, and/or an acoustic transducer integrated circuit, and a thirdinterface to coordinate transmission and/or reception of electronicsignals such as a clock, processed physiological signals data, etc., toand/or from a processor subsystem 132 that is part of an electronicsubsystem of second portion 120 of monitoring device 140. In variousembodiments, respiratory rate sensor 113 can be configured to monitor abreathing rate of a subject 100 and to generate an electronicrespiratory rate signal based on the monitored respiratory rate.

In various embodiments, first portion 110 of monitoring device 140,including skin conductance sensor 109, and/or skin resistance sensor109, can be deployed on a surface of subject 100 (e.g. a surfaceopposite a concha of an ear of a subject 100, a surface of subject 100over a mastoid region of the neck of subject 100) and may be utilized tosense and/or process a galvanic skin response of a subject 100. Invarious embodiments, skin conductance sensor, and/or skin resistancesensor, includes, for example, an electrical potential sensor asdescribed above configured to measure electrical conductivity betweenthe skin cells on the surface of subject 100. In various embodiments,first portion 110 of monitoring device 140 includes a skin conductancesensor, and/or a skin resistance sensor, configured to generateelectronic signals which may be used to generate respective machinereadable values indicative of a plurality of physiological signs forsubject 100 including respiratory rate, hydration level, stress level,or neurological response.

Second portion 120 of monitoring device 140 can be deployed on one ormore locations on subject 100 such as, for example, on a surface of theear, the neck, the forehead, the temple, the cheek, the chest, theshoulder, the back, the abdomen, the arms, or the legs, of subject 100.As shown in FIG. 1 , in various embodiments, a second portion 120 ofmonitoring device 140 is deployed on the surface area available on asubject 100 neck such as, for example, slightly below the hair line andabove the collar of a subject 100, for sensing one or more environmentalparameters, and transmitting generated electronic signals and electronicsignals received from first portion 110 over a network. In variousembodiments, second portion 120 of monitoring device 140 is deployed ona minimally intrusive surface area available on a subject 100. Invarious embodiments, second portion 120 of monitoring device 140 mayinclude an adhesive surface. Any suitable adhesive may be utilized toattach a surface of second portion 120 of monitoring device 140 to asurface of a subject 100. In some embodiments, second portion 120 ofmonitoring device 140 includes additional adhesive for reusability suchas, for example, as attached to a battery cover of a second portion 120or other slide device of a second portion 120. In various embodiments,second portion 120 of monitoring device 140 may include a device suchas, for example, a clip or a pin, to attach second portion 120 to anitem of clothing, lanyard, etc., worn by subject 100 such as, forexample, the collar or pocket of a shirt. In various embodiments,monitoring device 140 includes one or more environmental sensors. Invarious embodiments, second portion 120 of monitoring device 140includes one or more environmental sensors. In various embodiments, thesensors are non-invasive.

In various embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 1 , an electronicsubsystem of second portion 120 of monitoring device 140 may include amotion tracking subsystem 121, one or more environmental sensors 125, alocation (e.g. global positioning system (GPS)) subsystem 122, an audioinput/output subsystem 123, a biometric subsystem 124, a radio frequencyidentification (RFID) subsystem 126, a liquid (e.g. blood) sensor 127,communications interface 129, processor 132, memory 133, and/or a powersubsystem 128. In various embodiments, the one or more environmentalsensors 125 may include, for example, an ambient temperature sensor, anambient pressure sensor, a humidity sensor, an altitude sensor(altimeter), a UV index sensor, an ambient light sensor, or combinationsthereof. Any suitable environmental sensor may be included as the one ormore environmental sensors 125 in second portion 120 of monitoringdevice 140. In various embodiments, an electronic subsystem of secondportion 120 may include a unique identification value such as, forexample, a predetermined resistor value, that is identifiable by anelectronic subsystem of electromechanical interconnect 114 and/or anelectronic subsystem of first portion 110.

In various embodiments, second portion 120 of monitoring device 140,including a pressure sensor, can be deployed on a surface of subject 100(e.g. a surface of a neck of a subject 100), or a surface of clothingworn by a subject 100, and may be utilized to monitor ambient pressure(e.g. atmospheric pressure) around the surface of the subject 100 or thesubject's clothing. In various embodiments, pressure sensor includes oneor more minimal footprint (e.g. 0.05-75 mm (length), 0.05-75 mm (width),0.05-25 mm (height)) and low-power (e.g. 0.1-5 mW) barometer integratedcircuits including supporting electronics, designed, fabricated, andassembled on one or more layers of one or more flexible printed circuitand/or printed circuit board that constitutes part of an electronicsubsystem of second portion 120. In various embodiments, such one ormore barometer integrated circuits can include analog and/or digitalfront-end circuitry configured to process electronic signals from apressure sensing element within the integrated circuit. In variousembodiments, a pressure sensor includes a plurality of interfaces toexternal electronics and/or external physical parameter such as, forexample, a first interface to enable the supply of electricity to thesensor from power source subsystem 128 that is part of an electronicsubsystem of second portion 120 of monitoring device 140, a secondinterface to a plurality of microelectromechanical structures internalto said integrated circuit that may be configured to be physicallydisplaced and/or deflected in response to variation in ambient pressurearound the deployed surface of subject 100 such as, for example, asuspended diaphragm, and a third interface to coordinate transmissionand/or reception of electronic signals such as a clock, processedenvironmental signals data, etc., to and/or from processor 132. Invarious embodiments, a pressure sensor may be configured to sense and/orprocess environmental signals such as air pressure around a surface of asubject, or the subject's clothing. In various embodiments, a pressuresensor can be configured to monitor ambient pressure around a surface ofa subject 100 and to generate an electronic ambient pressure signalbased on the monitored ambient pressure. In various embodiments, apressure sensor may be configured to operate as an altimeter and monitoraltitude of a subject 100. In various embodiments, a pressure sensor maysense and/or process ambient pressure to calibrate, or provide aquantified context for, sensed blood oxygen saturation data received bysecond portion 120 via electromechanical interconnect 114 in the form ofelectronic signals generated by a pulse oximetry sensor of first portion110.

In various embodiments, second portion 120 of monitoring device 140,including a humidity sensor, can be deployed on a surface of subject 100(e.g. a surface of a neck of a subject 100), or a surface of clothingworn by a subject 100, and may be utilized to monitor humidity aroundthe surface of the subject 100 or the subject's clothing. In variousembodiments, humidity sensor includes one or more minimal footprint((e.g. 0.05-75 mm (length), 0.05-75 mm (width), 0.05-25 mm (height)) andlow-power (e.g. 0.1-5 mW) humidity sensor integrated circuits includingsupporting electronics, designed, fabricated, and assembled on one ormore layers of one or more flexible printed circuit and/or printedcircuit board that constitutes part of an electronic subsystem of secondportion 120. In various embodiments, such humidity sensor integratedcircuits can include a temperature sensor and an integrated signalprocessor configured to process electronic signals received from one ormore humidity sensor devices within said integrated circuit. In variousembodiments, a humidity sensor includes a plurality of interfaces toexternal electronics and/or external physical parameters such as, forexample, a first interface to enable the supply of electricity to thesensor from power source subsystem 128 that is part of an electronicsubsystem of second portion 120 of monitoring device 140, a secondinterface to materials that are designed and assembled in such a manneras to be sensitive to humidity-related variations in their localizedenvironment such as, for example, a dielectric material (e.g.polyamide), and a third interface to coordinate transmission and/orreception of electronic signals such as a clock, processed environmentalsignals data, etc., to and/or from processor 132. In variousembodiments, a humidity sensor may be configured to sense and/or processenvironmental signals such as, for example, humidity and temperaturearound a surface of a subject. In various embodiments, a humidity sensorcan be configured to monitor ambient humidity around a surface of asubject 100 and to generate an electronic ambient humidity signal basedon the monitored ambient humidity. In various embodiments, a humiditysensor may sense and/or process ambient humidity to calibrate, orprovide a quantified context for, liquid data monitored at liquid (e.g.blood) sensor 127 of second portion 120.

In various embodiments, second portion 120 of monitoring device 140,including a UV index sensor, an ambient light sensor, and an altitudesensor (altimeter), can be deployed on a surface of subject 100 (e.g. asurface of a neck of a subject 100), or a surface of clothing worn by asubject 100, and may be respectively utilized to monitor UV index andambient light around the surface of the subject 100 or the subject'sclothing, and to monitor altitude of the subject 100. In variousembodiments, UV index sensor and ambient light sensor include one ormore minimal footprint (e.g. 0.05-75 mm (length), 0.05-75 mm (width),0.05-25 mm (height)) and low-power (e.g. 0.1-5 mW) integrated circuitsincluding supporting electronics, designed, fabricated, and assembled onone or more layers of one or more flexible printed circuit and/orprinted circuit board that constitutes part of an electronic subsystemof second portion 120. In various embodiments, such integrated circuitscan include a proximity sensor, analog and/or digital front-endcircuitry, and a signal processor configured to process electronicsignals from UV sensor, ambient light, and proximity sensor elementswithin the integrated circuit. In some embodiments, the UV index sensor,the ambient light sensor, and the proximity sensor are implemented inseparate integrated circuits or combinations thereof. In variousembodiments, a UV index sensor and/or an ambient light sensor include aplurality of interfaces to external electronics and/or external physicalparameters such as, for example, a first interface to enable the supplyof electricity to the sensor from power source subsystem 128 that ispart of an electronic subsystem of second portion 120 of monitoringdevice 140, a second interface to structures of, for example, one ormore light (e.g. infrared) emitters, photodiodes, light receptors, thatare internal to an integrated circuit and may be configured to emitlight and/or receive light from their respective environment, and athird interface to coordinate transmission and/or reception ofelectronic signals such as a clock, processed environmental signalsdata, etc., to and/or from processor 132. In various embodiments, a UVindex sensor, an ambient light sensor, and/or an altimeter may beconfigured to sense and/or process environmental signals such as, forexample, UV index and/or ambient light around a surface of a subjectand/or altitude of a subject. In various embodiments, a UV index sensorand/or an ambient light sensor can be configured to monitor UV indexand/or ambient light around a surface of a subject 100, or the subject'sclothing, and to generate an electronic UV index and/or ambient lightsignal based on the monitored UV index and/or ambient light. In variousembodiments, an altitude sensor may be configured to monitor altitude ofa subject and to generate an electronic altitude signal based on themonitored altitude. In various embodiments, a UV index sensor, ambientlight sensor, and/or an altitude sensor may sense and/or process UVindex, ambient light, and/or altitude to calibrate, or provide aquantified context for, sensed blood oxygen saturation data received bysecond portion 120 via electromechanical interconnect 114 in the form ofelectronic signals generated by a pulse oximetry sensor of first portion110.

In various embodiments, second portion 120 of monitoring device 140,including an ambient temperature sensor, can be deployed on a surface ofsubject 100 (e.g. a surface of a neck of a subject 100), or a surface ofclothing worn by a subject 100, and may be utilized to monitor ambienttemperature around the surface of the subject 100 or the subject'sclothing. In various embodiments, ambient temperature sensor includes,for example, a transducer integrated circuit configured to utilizesilicon structures contained therein to sense ambient temperature, aresistance temperature detector (RTD), a thermistor, a thermocouple, orcombinations thereof, as described above for temperature sensor 116. Invarious embodiments, ambient temperature sensor includes an infraredthermopile sensor. In various embodiments, an ambient temperature sensormay be configured to sense and/or process environmental signals such asair temperature around a surface of a subject, or the subject'sclothing. In various embodiments, an ambient temperature sensor can beconfigured to monitor ambient temperature around a surface of a subject100, or the subject's clothing, and to generate an electronic ambienttemperature signal based on the monitored ambient temperature. Invarious embodiments, an ambient temperature sensor may sense and/orprocess ambient temperature to calibrate, or provide a quantifiedcontext for, skin and/or body temperature data received by secondportion 120 via electromechanical interconnect 114 in the form ofelectronic signals generated by a temperature sensor of first portion110.

In various embodiments, second portion 120 of monitoring device 140,including motion tracking subsystem 121, can be deployed on a surface ofsubject 100 (e.g. a surface of a neck of a subject 100), or a surface ofclothing worn by a subject 100, and may be utilized to monitor motion ofthe subject 100. In various embodiments, motion tracking subsystem 121includes a motion sensor as described above for motion sensor 112. Invarious embodiments, motion tracking subsystem 121 is configured tomonitor motion of a subject relative to a motion axis and to generate anelectronic motion signal based on the monitored motion. In variousembodiments, including embodiments in which motion sensor 112 isprovided in first portion 110, motion tracking subsystem 121 may receivemotion data via electromechanical interconnect 114 in the form ofelectronic signals generated by motion sensor 112. In variousembodiments, motion tracking subsystem 121 can be configured to monitormotion of a subject 100, and to generate an electronic motion signalbased on the monitored motion. In various embodiments, motion trackingsubsystem 121 provides an electronic signal input to location subsystem122.

In various embodiments, first portion 110 includes a motion sensor 112,and second portion 120 of monitoring device 140 includes a motiontracking subsystem 121 including a motion sensor, where each motionsensor is configured to generate electronic motion signals. In variousembodiments, the generated electronic motion signals may be used tocalibrate, or provide a quantified context for, one or morephysiological parameters and/or physiological signs of one or moresubjects. For example, the generated electronic motion signals may beused to double-check heart rate calculations from both the pulseoximetry sensor and ECG sensor, to double-check respiratory ratecalculations from both the pulse oximetry sensor and BCG sensor, todouble-check blood pressure calculations using the combination of pulseoximetry sensor and ECG sensor, and the combination of pulse oximetrysensor and BCG sensor. In various embodiments, the generated electronicmotion signals may be used to validate that each single sensor readingis within tolerances. In various embodiments, the second portion 120 ofmonitoring device 140 includes a motion tracking subsystem 121 includinga motion sensor to filter out motion errors in the motion sensor 112 offirst portion 110 while a monitored subject 100 is moving. For example,the motion value (e.g. in respectively generated electronic motionsignals) of motion sensor of second portion 120 may be subtracted fromthe motion value (e.g. in respectively generated electronic motionsignals) of motion sensor 112 of first portion 110.

In various embodiments, second portion 120 of monitoring device 140,including location subsystem 122, can be deployed on a surface ofsubject 100 (e.g. a surface of a neck of a subject 100), or a surface ofclothing worn by a subject 100, and may be utilized to monitor locationof the subject 100. In various embodiments, location subsystem 122includes a global navigation satellite system (e.g. GPS) receiver,another suitable location sensor, or combinations thereof. In variousembodiments, location subsystem 122 utilizes a non-GPS protocol (e.g.,Galileo, GLONASS, Beidou, etc.). In various embodiments, locationsubsystem 122 includes a GPS receiver that is configured to use theglobal GPS network to determine global coordinates of a subject within apredetermined tolerance. In various embodiments, location subsystem 122includes a plurality of interfaces to external electronics and/orexternal physical parameters such as, for example, a first interface toenable the supply of electricity to the sensor from power sourcesubsystem 128 that is part of an electronic subsystem of second portion120 of monitoring device 140, a second interface to electronicsconfigured to receive and/or process high-frequency electronic signalsdirectly from, for example, a satellite navigation system, an antenna,an electronic filter, a low-noise amplifier, or combinations thereof,and a third interface to coordinate transmission and/or reception ofelectronic signals such as a clock, data, etc., to and/or from processor132. In various embodiments, location subsystem 122 may sense and/orprocess the geolocation of a subject 100. The inventors have observedthat a GPS receiver consumes a large amount of power from power sourcesubsystem 128. Thus, in various embodiments, location subsystem 122 caninclude a mechanism such as, for example, a timing circuit, to switchpower to the GPS receiver on and off periodically to obtain a referencelocation of subject 100 for location subsystem 122. In variousembodiments, location subsystem 122 includes a compass and receivesmotion data in the form of electronic signals generated by from motiontracking subsystem 121 or via electromechanical interconnect 114 in theform of electronic signals generated by motion sensor 112. In variousembodiments, location subsystem 122 includes an integrated math engineconfigured to process electronic signals including reference locationdata received from a GPS receiver, electronic signals including motiondata from motion tracking subsystem 121, and electronic signalsincluding direction data from a compass. In various embodiments,location subsystem 122 can be configured to monitor location of asubject 100, and to generate an electronic location signal based on themonitored location.

In various embodiments, second portion 120 of monitoring device 140,including audio in/out subsystem 123, can be deployed on a surface ofsubject 100 (e.g. a surface of a neck of a subject 100), or a surface ofclothing worn by a subject 100, and may be utilized to monitor soundaround a surface of the subject 100. In various embodiments, audioin/out subsystem 123 includes one or more minimal footprint (e.g.0.05-75 mm (length), 0.05-75 mm (width), 0.05-25 mm (height)) andlow-power (e.g. 0.1-10 mW) integrated circuits including supportingelectronics including, for example, a microphone, a speaker, a buzzer, anoisemaker, or combinations thereof, designed, fabricated, and assembledon one or more layers of one or more flexible printed circuit and/orprinted circuit board that constitutes part of an electronic subsystemof second portion 120. In various embodiments, such integrated circuitscan include, for example, an electronic filter, an amplifier, ananalog-to-digital converter, a digital-to-analog converter, and aprocessor configured to process electronic signals from one or moremicrophones and/or processors, and electronic signals transmitted to oneor more speakers within the integrated circuit. In various embodiments,audio in/out subsystem 123 includes a plurality of interfaces toexternal electronics and/or external physical parameters such as, forexample, a first interface to enable the supply of electricity to thesubsystem from power source subsystem 128 that is part of an electronicsubsystem of second portion 120 of monitoring device 140, a secondinterface to receive and/or process electronic signals from, forexample, a microphone and/or a processor, a third interface toelectronics configured to transmit and/or process electronic signals tobe transmitted to one or more speakers, and a fourth interface tocoordinate transmission and/or reception of electronic signals such as aclock, data, etc., to and/or from processor 132. In various embodiments,audio in/out subsystem 123 may capture, process, and/or transmit audiodata such as user voice commands, alarm and/or status audio indicators,heart sounds, lung sounds, breathing sounds, sounds that indicate severepain such as screams, other biological sounds, etc., from and/or to anambient environment of the audio in/out subsystem. In variousembodiments, audio in/out subsystem 123 can capture and/or processinternal body sounds, and/or external sounds from subject 100. Invarious embodiments, audio in/out subsystem 123 is configured to provideactive and/or passive monitoring of subject 100 by an operator of amobile communication and display device (e.g. 800) and/or remotephysician. In various embodiments, audio in/out subsystem 123 isconfigured to provide for communication between a monitored subject 100and an operator of a mobile communication and display device (e.g. 800)(and/or remote physician). In various embodiments, audio in/outsubsystem 123 is configured to provide recording of the scene locallyand/or remotely (e.g. at a mobile communication and display device (e.g.800).) In various embodiments, audio in/out subsystem 123 is configuredto provide echo location of the scene and/or aid in locating subject100. In various embodiments, audio in/out subsystem 123 is configured toprovide for consciousness checking of the subject 100 by an operator ofa mobile communication and display device (e.g. 800) and/or remotephysician. For example, if an alert is made, the subject 100 can provethat they are conscious by tapping the device or pressing the button therequested number of times or by repeating the requested phrase. Invarious embodiments, and as described below, audio in/out subsystem 123is configured to improve the severity scoring of subject 100 bylistening for motion, talking, or screams.

In various embodiments, second portion 120 of monitoring device 140,including liquid (e.g. blood) sensor 127, can be deployed on a surfaceof subject 100 (e.g. a surface of a neck of a subject 100), or a surfaceof clothing worn by a subject 100, and may be utilized to detect liquidat and/or around a surface of the subject 100. In various embodiments,liquid sensor 127 includes one or more minimal footprint (e.g. 0.05-75mm (length), 0.05-75 mm (width), 0.05-25 mm (height)) and low-power(e.g. 0.1-5 mW) integrated circuits including supporting electronics,designed, fabricated, and assembled on one or more layers of one or moreflexible printed circuit and/or printed circuit board that constitutespart of an electronic subsystem of second portion 120. In variousembodiments, such integrated circuits can include a liquid sensor suchas a liquid leakage sensor (e.g. light emitter, light receptor,photodiode), a liquid sensor amplifier, analog and/or digital front-endcircuitry, and/or a signal processor, configured to process electronicsignals from liquid sensor elements within the integrated circuit. Invarious embodiments, liquid sensor 127 include a plurality of interfacesto external electronics and/or external physical parameters such as, forexample, a first interface to enable the supply of electricity to thesensor from power source subsystem 128 that is part of an electronicsubsystem of second portion 120 of monitoring device 140, a secondinterface to coordinate transmission and/or reception of electronicsignals such as, for example, digital control signals, variable analogsignals, etc., to and/or from, for example, light emitter, lightreceptor, photodiode, liquid sensor amplifier, that are internal to anintegrated circuit and may be configured to emit light and/or receivelight to detect the presence of a liquid, and a third interface tocoordinate transmission and/or reception of electronic signals such as aclock, processed environmental signals data, etc., to and/or fromprocessor 132. In various embodiments, liquid sensor 127 may beconfigured to sense, detect, and/or process environmental signals suchas, for example, the presence of a liquid, and/or a liquid type, atand/or around a surface of the subject 100. In various embodiments,liquid sensor 127 can be configured to detect liquid at and/or around asurface of a subject 100, or the subject's clothing, and to generate anelectronic liquid signal based on the detected liquid.

In various embodiments, second portion 120 of monitoring device 140 mayinclude an indicator subsystem (not shown) and one or more indicatorssuch as, for example, light emitting diodes (LEDs). In variousembodiments, an indicator subsystem includes one or more minimalfootprint (e.g. 0.05-75 mm (length), 0.05-75 mm (width), 0.05-25 mm(height)) and low-power (e.g. 0.1-5 mW) integrated circuits includingsupporting electronics such as, for example, LEDs, piezoelectric orother suitable vibrator, user input interfaces such as, for example,touch screen controllers, buttons, or switches, digital displays suchas, for example, liquid crystal display (LCD), or organic light emittingdiode (OLED) display, tactile sensors, haptic technology, orcombinations thereof, designed, fabricated, and assembled on one or morelayers of one or more flexible printed circuit and/or printed circuitboard that constitutes part of an electronic subsystem of second portion120. In various embodiments, such integrated circuits can include, forexample, a digital-to-analog converter, an analog-to-digital converter,a control logic subsystem, power management subsystem, electronic signaldrivers, or combinations thereof. In various embodiments, an indicatorsubsystem includes a plurality of interfaces to external electronicsand/or external physical parameters such as, for example, a firstinterface to enable the supply of electricity to the subsystem frompower source subsystem 128 that is part of an electronic subsystem ofsecond portion 120 of monitoring device 140, a second interface toreceive and/or process electronic signals from, for example, processor,a button, a switch, and/or a haptic sensor, a third interface toelectronics configured to transmit and/or process electronic signals tobe transmitted to, for example, one or more LEDs, digital displays suchas, for example, LCD and/or OLED displays, and/or a vibrator, and afourth interface to coordinate transmission and/or reception ofelectronic signals such as a clock, data, etc., to and/or from processor132. In various embodiments, an indicator subsystem (not shown) maycapture, process, and/or transmit capture and/or process inputs such as,for example, user commands, and to display and/or communicate statusinformation such as, for example, remaining battery capacity and/orsignal threshold crossings. In various embodiments, indicator subsystem(not shown) may include multi-color LEDs to alert the subject 100 andcare givers of the subject's status levels and to aid in locating thesubject 100.

In various embodiments, second portion 120 of monitoring device 140 mayinclude an radio-frequency identification (RFID) subsystem 126. Invarious embodiments, RFID subsystem 126 includes an RFID tag associatedto a unique identification string for each monitoring device 140. Invarious embodiments, RFID subsystem 126 may broadcast its uniqueidentification string for registration purposes with a mobilecommunication and display device (described in more detail below). Invarious embodiments, RFID subsystem 126 includes one or more minimalfootprint (e.g. 0.05-75 mm (length), 0.05-75 mm (width), 0.05-25 mm(height)) and low-power (e.g. 0.1-5 mW) integrated circuits includingsupporting electronics such as, for example, antenna, power supplycircuitry, or combinations thereof, designed, fabricated, and assembledon one or more layers of one or more flexible printed circuit and/orprinted circuit board that constitutes part of an electronic subsystemof second portion 120. In various embodiments, such integrated circuitscan include, for example, control logic subsystem, a power managementsubsystem, transmitter, and receiver circuitry, memory, or combinationsthereof. In various embodiments, RFID subsystem 126 may be a passiveimplementation such that it obtains power wirelessly from radio wavesreceived from an external RFID reader and/or near field communication(NFC) subsystem. In various embodiments, RFID subsystem 126 may be anactive implementation such that it obtains power from a local powersource. In various embodiments, RFID subsystem 126 includes a NFCintegrated circuit and a NFC antenna. In various embodiments, RFIDsubsystem 126 includes a Zigbee integrated circuit and a Zigbee antenna.In various embodiments, RFID subsystem 126 includes an ANT integratedcircuit and an ANT antenna. In various embodiments, RFID subsystem 126includes a Bluetooth LE integrated circuit and a Bluetooth LE antenna.In various embodiments, RFID subsystem 126 includes a RFID integratedcircuit and a RFID antenna. In various embodiments, RFID subsystem 126includes a plurality of interfaces to external electronics and/orexternal physical parameters such as, for example, a first interface toenable the supply of electricity to the subsystem from power sourcesubsystem 128 that is part of an electronic subsystem of second portion120 of monitoring device 140 and/or an external radio-frequencyidentification reader subsystem, a second interface to antenna and/orelectronics configured to receive and/or transmit radio waves fromand/or to an internal and/or external RFID and/or NFC subsystem, a thirdinterface to coordinate transmission and/or reception of electronicsignals such as a clock, data, etc., to and/or from processor 132. Invarious embodiments, RFID subsystem 126 may be configured to activate orwake up electronic subsystem of second portion 120. In variousembodiments, RFID subsystem 126 may be configured to wirelessly relaystored information such as date of manufacture, model number, etc.,between electronic subsystem 116 and an external radio-frequencyidentification reader or near-field communication subsystem. In variousembodiments, RFID subsystem 126 can include a Quick Response (QR) code,or other suitable barcode, disposed, for example, on a surface of ahousing of monitoring device 140. In various embodiments, the QR code,or other suitable barcode, may be configured to store information suchas, for example, a date of manufacture of monitoring device 140 orsecond portion of monitoring device 140, model number of monitoringdevice 140 or second portion of monitoring device 140, that can becommunicated to (e.g. wirelessly and/or optically read by) an externalreader configured to read and process the QR code or other suitablebarcode.

In various embodiments, second portion 120 of monitoring device 140 mayinclude a biometric subsystem 124. In various embodiments, biometricsubsystem 124 includes one or more biometric sensors such as, forexample, a fingerprint sensor. In various embodiments, biometricsubsystem 124 includes one or more minimal footprint (e.g. 0.05-75 mm(length), 0.05-75 mm (width), 0.05-25 mm (height)) and low-power (e.g.0.1-5 mW) integrated circuits including supporting electronics designed,fabricated, and assembled on one or more layers of one or more flexibleprinted circuit and/or printed circuit board that constitutes part of anelectronic subsystem of second portion 120. In various embodiments, suchintegrated circuits can include, for example, analog and/or digitalfront-end circuitry, memory, light emitter, light receptor,piezoelectric transducer, capacitor, and a signal processor configuredto process electronic signals from light emitter, light receptor,piezoelectric transducer, and/or capacitor elements, within theintegrated circuit, or combinations thereof. In various embodiments,biometric subsystem 124 includes a plurality of interfaces to externalelectronics and/or external physical parameters such as, for example, afirst interface to enable the supply of electricity to the subsystemfrom power source subsystem 128 that is part of an electronic subsystemof second portion 120 of monitoring device 140, a second interface tostructures of, for example, one or more light (e.g. infrared) emitters,photodiodes, light receptors, piezoelectric transducers, capacitors,that are internal to an integrated circuit and may be configured to emitlight and/or receive light including biometric data, emit and/or receiveacoustic energy including biometric data, from a finger of a subject100, a third interface to electronics configured to receive and/ortransmit electronic signals including biometric data (e.g. fingerprintdata), from and/or to biometric subsystem 124 and external electronicsubsystems of monitoring device 140 including, for example, processor132 and memory 133, and a fourth interface to coordinate transmissionand/or reception of electronic signals such as a clock, data, etc., toand/or from processor 132. In various embodiments, biometric subsystem124 may be configured to sense and/or process light, acoustic energy,etc. including biometric data, for processing, storage, and/ortransmission to a mobile communication and display device.

In various embodiments, second portion 120 of monitoring device 140 mayinclude a power source subsystem 128. In various embodiments, powersource subsystem 128 includes one or more minimal footprint (e.g. 1-20mm diameter, 1-20 mm (length), 1-20 mm (width), 0.1-20 mm (height))rechargeable and/or non-rechargeable, replaceable and/or non-replaceablebatteries. In various embodiments, power source subsystem 128 includesone or more of such batteries and supporting electronics such as, forexample, battery protection circuitry. Any suitable chemistry, shape,and form, of battery can be used such as, for example, lithium ion,lithium polymer, zinc air, coin cell, prismatic, bendable, orcombinations thereof. In various embodiments, power source subsystem 128includes a rechargeable lithium ion battery. In various embodiments,power source subsystem 128 includes rechargeable coin cell batteries. Invarious embodiments, power source subsystem 128 includes a battery, aphotovoltaic cell, energy harvesting subsystems utilizing physicalproperties such as, for example, thermal or piezoelectricity, asuper-capacitor, or combinations thereof, and supporting electronics.Power source subsystem 128 may be directly or indirectly connected tothe subsystems within the electronic subsystems of the monitoring deviceincluding electronic subsystems of the first portion 110 and secondportion 120, to facilitate providing such subsystems with energy. Invarious embodiments, power source subsystem 128 includes a plurality ofinterfaces to external electronics and/or external physical parameterssuch as, for example, a first interface to enable the conversion ofnon-electrical energy into electrical energy, for example as implementedin a photovoltaic cell, a second interface to facilitate thedissemination of energy from the power source subsystem 128 to thesubsystems within the electronic subsystems of the monitoring deviceincluding electronic subsystems of the first portion 110 and secondportion 120. In various embodiments, power source subsystem 128 includesa removable battery. In various embodiments, power source subsystem 128includes a non-removable battery. In various embodiments, power sourcesubsystem 128 includes a USB connection to receive power from a remotesource while charging rechargeable coin cell batteries as describedbelow for the power source charger subsystem (not shown). In variousembodiments, power source subsystem 128 may be operably coupled to atactile switch of second portion 120 of monitoring device 140 (notshown) with a long hold to measure consciousness of subject 100, topower on/off monitoring device 140, and/or to switch operating modes ofmonitoring device 140.

In various embodiments, second portion 120 of monitoring device 140 mayinclude a processor 132. In various embodiments, processor 132 includesone or more minimal footprint (e.g. 0.05-75 mm (length), 0.05-75 mm(width), 0.05-25 mm (height)) and low-power (e.g. 0.1-20 mW) integratedcircuits and supporting electronics, for example, oscillator circuitry,designed, fabricated, and assembled on one or more flexible printedcircuit and/or printed circuit board that constitutes part of anelectronic subsystem of second portion 120. In various embodiments, suchintegrated circuits can include, for example, clock managementsubsystem, an energy management subsystem, a memory subsystem, an inputand/or output port subsystem, a serial interface subsystem, a timersubsystem, an encryption subsystem, an amplifier, an analog signalprocessor, a digital signal processor, a floating point unit, a centralprocessing unit (CPU), or combinations thereof. For example, processor132 may include a micro-controller unit (MCU) with digital signalprocessing (DSP) functionality. In various embodiments, processor 132includes a plurality of interfaces to external electronics and/orexternal physical parameters such as, for example, a first interface toenable the supply of electricity to processor 132 from power sourcesubsystem 128 that is part of an electronic subsystem of second portion120 of monitoring device 140, a second interface to coordinate one ormore electronic signal links between processor 132 and one or moreoscillators configured to influence the operational frequency ofprocessor 132, a third interface to coordinate transmission and/orreception of electronic signals such as a clock, analog and/or digitaldata, between processor 132 and other subsystems within the electronicsubsystems of the monitoring device including electronic subsystems ofthe first portion 110 and second portion 120 such as, for example,memory 133, communications interface 129, light emitter 115, lightreceptor 116, heart rate sensor 117, motion sensor 118, electricalpotential sensor 111, respiratory rate sensor 113, temperature sensor116, orientation sensor 118, motion tracking subsystem 121, the one ormore environmental sensors 125, location subsystem 122, audioinput/output subsystem 123, biometric subsystem 124, radio frequencyidentification (RFID) subsystem 126, liquid sensor 127, and a thirdinterface to coordinate transmission and/or reception of electronicsignals such as a clock, data, etc., to and/or from processor 132 andexternal electronic systems such as a personal computer (PC) and/orother mobile computing devices. In various embodiments, processor 132may be programmed to acquire, aggregate, process, and/or transmitelectronic signals from and/or to other subsystems within and/orexternal to electronic subsystems within second portion 120. In variousembodiments, processor 132 may be programmed to implement a plurality ofalgorithms such as, for example, power optimization, physiological,environmental and/or other signal processing, real-time operatingsystem, algorithms, or combinations thereof. In various embodiments,processor 132 may be programmed to coordinate local and/or external datastorage in memory.

In various embodiments, second portion 120 of monitoring device 140 mayinclude memory 133. In various embodiments, memory 133 includes one ormore minimal footprint (e.g. 0.05-75 mm (length), 0.05-75 mm (width),0.05-25 mm (height)) and low-power (e.g. 0.1-10 mW) integrated circuitsand supporting electronics, designed, fabricated, and assembled on oneor more flexible printed circuit and/or printed circuit board thatconstitutes part of an electronic subsystem of second portion 120. Invarious embodiments, such integrated circuits can include, for example,a control logic subsystem, electrical switches, electrical storageelements, high voltage generator, or combinations thereof. In variousembodiments, memory 133 includes a plurality of interfaces to externalelectronics and/or external physical parameters such as, for example, afirst interface to enable the supply of electricity to memory 133 frompower source subsystem 128 that is part of an electronic subsystem ofsecond portion 120 of monitoring device 140, a second interface tocoordinate transmission and/or reception of electronic signals such as aclock, analog and/or digital data, between memory 133 and othersubsystems within the electronic subsystems of the monitoring deviceincluding electronic subsystems of the first portion 110 and secondportion 120 such as, for example, processor 132. In various embodiments,memory 133 may include a volatile and/or non-volatile random accessmemory (RAM) and/or read only memory (ROM) device configured to storeinformation such as, for example, instructions, processed and/or rawdata, or combinations thereof. In various embodiments, memory 133 maystore processed biological and/or environmental signal data until a timewhen such data is transferred to other subsystems within and/or externalto electronic subsystems within monitoring device 140 includingsubsystems within second portion 120.

In various embodiments, second portion 120 of monitoring device 140 mayinclude a communications interface 129. In various embodiments,communications interface 129 includes one or more minimal footprint(e.g. 0.05-75 mm (length), 0.05-75 mm (width), 0.05-25 mm (height)) andlow-power (e.g. 0.1-20 mW) integrated circuits and supportingelectronics, such as, for example, an electronic filter, an antenna, orcombinations thereof, designed, fabricated, and assembled on one or moreflexible printed circuit and/or printed circuit board that constitutespart of an electronic subsystem of second portion 120. In variousembodiments, communications interface 129 can include one or morewireless transceivers combined into a single integrated circuit. Invarious embodiments, communications interface 129 can include one ormore wireless transmitters, and one or more wireless receivers, inrespective, separate integrated circuits. In various embodiments, suchintegrated circuits include, for example a 802.11 subsystem, a Wi-Fisubsystem, a Bluetooth subsystem, a Zigbee subsystem, an ANT subsystem,an NFC subsystem, a near field magnetic induction subsystem, a 3G/4G/5Gcellular subsystem, a RF, VHF/UHF or other high frequency radiosubsystem, a wireless USB subsystem, a wired subsystem, an electronicfilter, a processor, a power management subsystem, an oscillator, orcombinations thereof. In various embodiments, communications interface129 includes a plurality of interfaces to external electronics and/orexternal physical parameters such as, for example, a first interface toenable the supply of electricity to memory 133 from power sourcesubsystem 128 that is part of an electronic subsystem of second portion120 of monitoring device 140, a second interface to one or more antennaand/or electronics configured to receive and/or transmit radio wavesfrom and/or to an internal and/or external electronic subsystem ofmonitoring device 140, a third interface to coordinate the transmissionand/or reception of electronic signals such as clock, data, etc., toand/or from processor 132 that is part of an electronic subsystem ofsecond portion 120 of monitoring device 140, and a fourth interface tocoordinate one or more electronic signal links between communicationsinterface 129 and one or more oscillators configured to influence theoperational frequency of communications interface 129. In variousembodiments, communications interface 129 can be configured towirelessly transfer raw and/or processed physiological, environmental,and/or system status data between an external electronic device and anelectronic subsystem of monitoring device 140. In various embodiments,communications interface 129 can be configured to wirelessly upgradeprograms and/or data embedded in an electronic subsystem of monitoringdevice 140. In various embodiments, communications interface 129 can beconfigured to transfer raw and/or processed physiological,environmental, and/or system status data over a wired connection betweenan external electronic device (e.g. mobile phone, computer) and anelectronic subsystem of monitoring device 140. In various embodiments,one or more monitoring devices may be configured to act as a monitoringdevice hub in which a plurality of monitoring devices in communicationrange of each other form an ad hoc network via respective communicationsinterfaces 129. In various embodiments, the communications interface 129of the monitoring device hub in such an ad hoc network may be configuredto receive respective electronic signals based on respective monitoredphysiological parameters of respective subjects from each of the othermonitoring devices in the ad hoc network. In various embodiments, thecommunications interface 129 of the monitoring device hub is configuredto communicate the aggregated electronic signals to one or more mobilecommunication and display devices (e.g. 800).

In various embodiments, second portion 120 of monitoring device 140 mayinclude a power source fuel gauge subsystem (not shown). In variousembodiments, a power source fuel gauge subsystem includes one or moreminimal footprint (e.g. 0.05-75 mm (length), 0.05-75 mm (width), 0.05-25mm (height)) and low-power (e.g. 0.1-5 mW) integrated circuits includingsupporting electronics, designed, fabricated, and assembled on one ormore flexible printed circuit and/or printed circuit board thatconstitutes part of an electronic subsystem of second portion 120. Invarious embodiments, such integrated circuits can include, for example,an analog-to-digital converter, memory, a central processing unit (CPU)configured to facilitate calculating battery discharge rate, remainingenergy capacity, or combinations thereof. In various embodiments, apower source fuel gauge subsystem includes a plurality of interfaces toexternal electronics and/or external physical parameters such as, forexample, a first interface to enable the supply of electricity to thesubsystem from power source subsystem 128 that is part of an electronicsubsystem of second portion 120 of monitoring device 140, and a secondinterface to coordinate transmission and/or reception of electronicsignals such as a clock, data, etc., to and/or from processor 132. Invarious embodiments, a power source fuel gauge subsystem may beconfigured to process, for example, battery capacity, state-of-charge,battery voltage, or combinations thereof.

In various embodiments, second portion 120 of monitoring device 140 mayinclude a power source charger subsystem (not shown). In variousembodiments, a power source charger subsystem includes one or moreminimal footprint (e.g. 0.05-75 mm (length), 0.05-75 mm (width), 0.05-25mm (height)) and low-power (e.g. 0.1-5 mW) integrated circuits includingsupporting electronics, designed, fabricated, and assembled on one ormore flexible printed circuit and/or printed circuit board thatconstitutes part of an electronic subsystem of second portion 120. Invarious embodiments, such integrated circuits can include, for example,a control logic subsystem, a short-circuit recovery subsystem,electronic switches, or combinations thereof. In various embodiments, apower source charger subsystem includes a plurality of interfaces toexternal electronics and/or external physical parameters such as, forexample, a first interface to enable the wired or wireless supply ofelectricity from an external power source such as, for example, aUniversal Serial Bus (USB) port, a main power adapter, a photovoltaiccell, a thermal or piezoelectric energy harvester, a wireless chargingpad, a second interface to coordinate the transmission of electricityfrom the power source charger subsystem to the power source subsystem128 that is part of an electronic subsystem of second portion 120 ofmonitoring device 140, and a third interface to coordinate transmissionand/or reception of electronic signals such as a clock, data, etc., toand/or from processor 132. In various embodiments, power source chargersubsystem may be configured to charge a rechargeable power sourcesubsystem 128. In various embodiments, power source charger subsystemmay be configured to independently or simultaneously supply power arechargeable power source subsystem 128 and other subsystems within theelectronic subsystems of the monitoring device including electronicsubsystems of the first portion 110 and second portion 120.

In various embodiments, second portion 120 of monitoring device 140 mayinclude a power distribution subsystem (not shown). In variousembodiments, a power distribution subsystem includes one or more minimalfootprint (e.g. 0.05-75 mm (length), 0.05-75 mm (width), 0.05-25 mm(height)) and low-power (e.g. 0.1-20 mW) integrated circuits andsupporting electronics, designed, fabricated, and assembled on one ormore flexible printed circuit and/or printed circuit board thatconstitutes part of an electronic subsystem of second portion 120. Invarious embodiments, such integrated circuits can include, for example,a linear regulator circuitry, a switching regulator circuitry, a voltageand/or current monitor circuitry, an analog-to-digital converter, adigital-to-analog converter, a voltage reference circuitry, orcombinations thereof. In various embodiments, a power distributionsubsystem includes one or more networks of specialized circuitry thatmay be configured to, for example, distribute appropriate voltage and/orcurrent characteristics to appropriate subsystems, monitor voltageand/or current characteristics delivered to various subsystems, monitorand/or optimize power consumption and/or other related parameters ofvarious subsystems, within the electronic subsystems of the monitoringdevice including electronic subsystems of the first portion 110 andsecond portion 120.

In various embodiments, second portion 120 of monitoring device 140 mayinclude a computer port subsystem (not shown). In various embodiments, acomputer port subsystem includes one or more minimal footprint (e.g.0.05-75 mm (length), 0.05-75 mm (width), 0.05-25 mm (height)) andlow-power (e.g. 0.1-10 mW) connectors, electronics and/or programinterface, implemented in one or more subsystems of monitoring device140, such as, for example, processor 132. In various embodiments, suchconnectors, electronics and/or program interface, are designed,fabricated and implemented on one or more flexible printed circuitand/or printed circuit board and/or cable assembly, that constitutespart of an electronic subsystem of monitoring device, including anelectronic subsystem of second portion 120. In various embodiments, acomputer port subsystem may include one or more ports configured tofacilitate the transfer of electronic signals between electronicsubsystems of monitoring device 140, and one or more externalelectronics such as, for example, an external power supply, an externalmobile or non-mobile computing device, external bio-potentialelectrodes, for example, external bio-potential electrodes for EEG, ECG,EMG, measurements, a partial or complete capnometer, or combinationsthereof. In various embodiments, a computer port subsystem may beconfigured to facilitate the transfer of electronic signals betweenelectronic subsystems of monitoring device 140. In various embodiments,a computer port subsystem may include a port such as, for example, auniversal serial bus (USB) port, or other suitable serial or parallelcommunication ports, configured to transfer power, clock, and data, etc.signals between electronic subsystems of monitoring device 140 to, forexample, charge power source subsystem 128, transfer data into and/orout of processor 133. In various embodiments, a computer port subsystemmay include one or more of such ports that are configured connectexternal EEG (e.g. cap plugin module), ECG (e.g. multi-lead pluginmodule), EMG, CO₂ breath monitor plugin module, blood pressure cuffplugin module, or other suitable bio-potential electrodes, and/or otherdevices and/or electronics such as, for example, a capnometer, toelectronic subsystems of monitoring device 140.

In various embodiments, electronic subsystems of first portion 110 andsecond portion 120 can be rearranged, repositioned, and/or furtherintegrated into one or more compact designed housings configured to fitergonomically, minimally-intrusively, and entirely on a surface areaavailable on a human ear opposite the concha area, on a surface over amastoid region of the neck of a human, or other alternative relevantbody location suitable for sensing relevant physiological and/orenvironmental signals such as, for example, body/skin temperature,ambient temperature, blood oxygen saturation, electrical potential, skinconductance, skin resistance, altitude, humidity, UV index, pulse rate,ambient light, respiratory rate, blood pressure, motion, orientation,geolocation, audio, electrical potential, biometric, liquid (e.g.blood), mean arterial blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolicblood pressure, R-J interval, cranial temperature, heart ratevariability, pulse transit time, pulse wave velocity, pacemaker edgedetection, R-R interval, stroke volume, heart rate, cardiac output,ventricular ejection time, pre-ejection period, hydration level, stresslevel, neurological response, other physiological signals, blood and/orend-tidal carbon dioxide content.

In various embodiments, at least a portion of monitoring device 140(e.g. second portion 120) may be configured to be deployed in or as avariety of form factors such as, for example, a helmet, glasses,headsets, hats, around the ear devices, over the ear clips, headbands,jewelry, earrings, scarfs, necklaces, hearing aids, etc.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure provide a networkedenvironment as shown in FIG. 2 that includes a plurality of monitoringdevices deployed on a plurality of subjects 200-N, one or more mobilecommunication and display devices in communication over a first network(e.g. a Bluetooth network) with the plurality of monitoring devices viacommunications interface A 246 and in communication with a centralcommand center over a second network (e.g. a wireless network) viacommunications interface B 247. In various embodiments, mobilecommunication and display device 237 may include any suitable devicesuch as, for example, a laptop, a personal computer, a smart phone, asmart watch, a personal digital assistant, a cellular phone, a tablet,an electronic personal planner, a slate tablet, a booklet computer, aconvertible notebook, a phablet, a command and control system having acommon operational picture (COP) or other situational awareness display,a human-wearable computing device, etc. In various embodiments, mobilecommunication and display device 237 operates an application (e.g. asoftware application, web application, native application, or mobileapplication) that is configured to display via user interface 245, atriage-prioritized list of one or more subjects' physiological signs byseverity, subject descriptive data, subject and user (e.g. medic, EMT,first responder) geolocation data, monitoring device registration andbinding to subject, alerts/messaging/notification features, and/orvarious customization options. In various embodiments, an applicationoperating on mobile communication and display device 237 displays arecord for each subject 200-N via user interface 245 and subjectmonitoring core 240-N, including, for example, identifying informationfor the subject 200-N, identifying information for the correspondingmonitoring device (140), gender, age, medical records, fitness records,photos, videos, descriptive data, geolocation, prognosis scores, triageprioritization order, and available physiological signs data. In variousembodiments, one or more of the features of the central command center(e.g. command center server 280, subject medical data 271, subjectregistration data 272, etc.) may be accessed by the one or more mobilecommunication and display devices, and one or more computing devices(e.g. device 273, mobile device 274) of the central command center, overa cloud computing network. The one or more mobile communication anddisplay devices 237 may include a mobile application or softwareapplication operating on the one or more mobile communication anddisplay devices and including multiple blocks of logical software coresreferred to as subject monitoring cores (denoted subject monitoringcores 250-1, 250-2, . . . , 250-N; these may be referred to collectivelyas “subject monitoring cores 250”) and various software modulesoperating in a networked environment including a user interface 245, aprognosis engine module 250, triage prioritizing engine 260-A, thatprovide real-time, in-memory collection and analysis of generated andcached respective machine readable values corresponding to respectivephysiological parameters of subjects 200-N, respective environmentalparameters around such subjects, respective physical parameters (e.g.location, orientation) of such subjects, respectively monitored inreal-time by corresponding monitoring devices 140, to generaterespective prognosis scores for each of the monitored subjects, and atriage prioritization order for the monitored subjects, based on complexalgorithms, predetermined severity thresholds, predetermined prognosisweighting factors, and the generated machine readable values, the cachedmachine readable values, and to display, and/or change a display, ofgenerated respective human readable values for a predetermined number ofsubjects on respective portions of user interface 245 based on thegenerated triage prioritization order.

In various embodiments, prognosis weighting factor module 258, and/orseverity threshold module 259, receive, retrieve, and store in memory,respective prognosis weighting factors (e.g. pain index, predeterminedsound type (e.g. scream) detection, blood or liquid detection, heartbeat issues, breathing issues, greater than a predetermined percentageof confidence in prognosis (e.g. 95%, 90%, 75%), intelligence alerts,etc.), and/or respective severity thresholds (e.g. high and/or lowthresholds for pulse oximetry, respiratory rate, heart rate,skin/body/cranial temperature, mean arterial blood pressure, systolicblood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, R-J interval, cranialtemperature, heart rate variability, pulse transit time, pulse wavevelocity, pacemaker edge detection, R-R interval, stroke volume, heartrate, cardiac output, ventricular ejection time, pre-ejection period,carbon dioxide in a respective subject's blood, hydration level, stresslevel, neurological response, subject movement, monitoring deviceremaining battery capacity, distance between subject and user, aplurality of subject orientations, monitoring device signal strength,etc.). In various embodiments, prognosis weighting factors and/orseverity thresholds are predetermined. In various embodiments,predetermined prognosis weighting factors and/or severity thresholds aredynamically updated based on, for example, inputs from a user (e.g.medic, EMT, physician, first responder) 233 accessing the system viauser interface 245, inputs from a remote administrative or medical user(e.g. 273, 274) accessing the system via user interface 275 andcommunications interface B 247, environmental parameters detected and/ortransmitted to the mobile communication from one or more monitoringdevices, intelligence (e.g. HUMINT, SIGINT, ELINT, FMV, AutomaticIdentification System (AIS) inputs) alerts received by a mobilecommunication and display device via communications interface B 247(e.g. from a command center server 280), subject medical data (e.g. 230,271), etc. In various embodiments, a weather module (not shown) mayreceive real-time environmental parameters (e.g. ambient pressure,ambient temperature, humidity, UV index, altitude), and, for example,real-time location data, from a plurality of monitoring devices (140)deployed on a plurality of subjects 200-N, and provide real-time,accurate weather forecasting at locations specific to each of theplurality of subjects 200-N.

In various embodiments, RFID data module 243 receives, retrieves, andstores in memory, RFID data (or bar code, QR code, or other deviceidentifying data) from one or more monitoring devices via communicationsinterface A 246, via an RFID (or bar code, QR code, or other deviceidentifier) reader of, or in serial communication with, mobilecommunications and display device. In various embodiments, location datamodule 231, receives, retrieves, and stores in memory, location data(e.g. GPS coordinates) of the mobile communication and display device,subject location data (e.g. GPS coordinates, compass heading and motion)received from one or more monitoring devices via communicationsinterface A 246, and/or locations of nearby and local medicalfacilities, hospitals, bases, and any and all other pertinentgeolocation values. In various embodiments, subject medical data module230 receives, retrieves, and stores in memory, historical medical data(e.g. data in electronic medical records, data in medical history, priorphysiological parameters, orientation, etc. received via communicationsinterface A 246 from monitoring device(s) deployed, medical datareceived via communications interface B 247 such as from subject medicaldata 271, subject descriptive (e.g. photos, videos, age, gender, height,weight, hair, eye color, race, body type, body size, text-based visualdescription, and any known identifying features such as scars ortattoos) data received via communications interface B 247 (e.g. subjectmedical data 271), via a camera (e.g. photo, video) of, or incommunication with (e.g. serial, over communications interface A 246),mobile communications and display device, and/or via user interface 245regarding subject 200-N, and/or more subjects. In various embodiments,subject registration data module 232 receives, retrieves, and stores inmemory, registration information binding respective monitoring devices(e.g. QR code, RFID, unique identification strings, bar code,pseudorandomly generated value, or other suitable unique identifyinginformation) to respective subjects 200-N (e.g. subject name, socialsecurity number, date of birth, pseudorandomly generated value, or othersuitable unique identifying information). In various embodiments, apseudorandomly generated value is generated using, for example, a C RANDor RAND_S function, a PHP hypertext preprocessor function microtime ormt_rand, an Unix function dev random, a Java function SecureRandom, anOpen SSL RAND_screen( ) function, or other suitable function, to returna pseudorandom sequence with a period long enough so that a finitesequence of reasonable length is not periodic and with an informationentropy that is high enough to resist a brute force attack by acryptanalyst. In various embodiments, a pseudorandomly generated valueis generated using, for example, a secret key, or seed, to set theinitial state of the pseudorandom sequence generator, a combination ofthe seed and, for example, a counter output, to provide an input to ahash function such as, for example, MD5 or SHA-1, to increasecryptographic security in the generated pseudorandom sequence.

Mobile communication and display device may also include a forensicsmodule for recording, reporting, tuning, and playback of collected data(e.g. RFID Data 243, subject medical data 230, 271, location data 231,prognosis scores, triage prioritization orders, severity scores, audiodata (e.g. received from microphone of second portion 120 of monitoringdevice 140), etc.). In some embodiments, forensics module 160 can storerecorded data in a non-transitory, tangible machine readable storagemedium. The non-transitory, tangible storage medium can be anon-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer readablemedium can be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readablestorage medium, a memory device (e.g., flash or random access memory), ahard disk drive, a tape drive, an optical drive (such as, but notlimited to CDROM, DVD, or BDROM) or the like, or a combination of one ormore of them. In various embodiments, forensics module stores RFID Data243, subject medical data 230, 271, location data 231, audio data,prognosis scores, triage prioritization orders, and/or severity scores,in persistent storage. In various embodiments, forensic module managesplayback operations such that stored data is provided as an input toprognosis engine and/or triage prioritization engine to perform all orsome of the functions described herein for data received from monitoringdevices for subjects 200-N. In various embodiments, forensic modulemanages playback operations and permits users to speed up or slow downplayback of the stored data. For example, forensic module can manageplayback operations to permit a user to visually review 6 months ofstored data via user interface 245, 275 in a significantly shorterperiod of time such as 6 hours or 60 minutes. In some embodiments,results based on using stored data provided by forensics module can beused to perform trend analysis, after-action reports, revise prognosisweighting, and/or severity thresholds for a respective subject, and/orrevise or update a subject's medical history, such that the prognosisweighting factors, severity thresholds, and subject medical data (230,271) can be further optimized. In some embodiments, a user can use dataand trends provided by operations managed by forensics module to buildup a knowledge base of information. In various embodiments, forensicsmodule 160 enables artificial intelligence services which are configuredto learn from past data sets with known outcomes and prognoses and whichmay automatically modify severity thresholds and/or prognosis weightingfactors.

Although three subject monitoring cores, and two triage prioritizingengines, are shown in this example, any number of subject monitoringcores, and triage prioritizing engines, may be used. Operationalpersonnel 233 (e.g., medics, EMTs, first responders, physicians, fitnesssupervisors) may access the prognosis engine 250, subject monitoringcore 240-N, triage prioritizing engine 260-A, via the user interface245. In various embodiments, operational personnel 233 can access othermodules (e.g. forensics module (not shown), RFID data module 243,subject medical data module 230, subject registration data module 232,prognosis weighting factor module 258, severity threshold module 259,location data module 231, etc.) via the user interface 245.

FIG. 3 shows an example of a subject monitoring core 250-N that includeslocation 342 of subject 200-N cached in memory of a mobile communicationdisplay device (e.g. RAM, in-memory data grids, retrieved from locationdata module 231, in-memory database (e.g. IMDB, MMDB, memory residentdatabase, etc.)), physiological signs 344 for subject 200-N cached inmemory of a mobile communication display device (e.g. RAM, in-memorydata grids, retrieved from subject medical data module 230, in-memorydatabase (e.g. IMDB, MMDB, memory resident database, etc.)), orientation348 for subject 200-N cached in memory of a mobile communication displaydevice (e.g. RAM, in-memory data grids, retrieved from orientation datamodule (not shown), in-memory database (e.g. IMDB, MMDB, memory residentdatabase, etc.)), registration 343 for subject 200-N stored in memory ofa mobile communication display device (e.g. RAM, ROM, in-memory datagrids, retrieved from subject registration data module 232, NoSQLdatabase, in-memory database (e.g. IMDB, MMDB, memory resident database,etc.)), visual data for subject 200-N stored in memory of a mobilecommunication display device (e.g. RAM, ROM, in-memory data grids,retrieved from subject medical data module 230, NoSQL database,in-memory database (e.g. IMDB, MMDB, memory resident database, etc.)),severity scores (e.g. pulse oximetry, respiratory rate, heart rate,skin/body/cranial temperature, mean arterial blood pressure, systolicblood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, R-J interval, cranialtemperature, heart rate variability, pulse transit time, pulse wavevelocity, pacemaker edge detection, R-R interval, stroke volume, heartrate, cardiac output, ventricular ejection time, pre-ejection period,carbon dioxide in a respective subject's blood, hydration level, stresslevel, neurological response, movement, corresponding monitoring deviceremaining battery capacity, distance between subject and user, aplurality of subject orientations, corresponding monitoring devicesignal strength, etc., severity scores) for subject 200-N cached inmemory of a mobile communication display device (e.g. RAM, in-memorydata grids, retrieved from prognosis engine 250, in-memory database(e.g. IMDB, MMDB, memory resident database, etc.)), prognosis scores forsubject 200-N cached in memory of a mobile communication display device(e.g. RAM, in-memory data grids, retrieved from prognosis engine 250,in-memory database (e.g. IMDB, MMDB, memory resident database, etc.)).

In various embodiments, a mobile communications and display deviceincludes one or more network switches, and/or encryption switches,memory (e.g. active memory 822 (FIG. 8 ), which may include a persistentstorage unit (e.g. NoSQL, MySQL cluster, database), a distributedworking memory (e.g. software running on processor 820 (FIG. 8 ) andincluding a plurality of in-memory data grids such as, for example, adistributed R-tree index, Quadtree index, Rete diagram, Gna tree,Octree, Grid, Z-order, time-split B-tree, multi-version B-tree, etc.,architecture in memory, in-memory database (e.g. IMDB, MMDB, memoryresident database, etc.)), processor (e.g. 820 (FIG. 8 )) running thedistributed working memory software and communicating with userinterface module 245 via an object-oriented data interchange format suchas, for example, JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) and providing, forexample, NoSQL, MySQL cluster, persistence. In various embodiments,processor (e.g. 820 (FIG. 8 )) of mobile communication and displaydevice stores instructions in a non-transient, tangible machine readablestorage medium. The non-transient, tangible storage medium can be anon-transient computer readable storage medium. The computer readablemedium can be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readablestorage medium, a memory device (e.g., flash or random access memory), ahard disk drive, a tape drive, an optical drive (such as, but notlimited to CDROM, DVD, or BDROM) or the like, or a combination of one ormore of them.

Referring again to FIG. 2 , the user interface module 245 provides aninterface between users 233 (e.g. medics, EMTs, physicians, firstresponders, fitness supervisors), the functionality of the mobilecommunication and display device, data received from the plurality ofmonitoring devices deployed on subjects 200-N via communicationsinterface A 246 and over a first network (e.g. a Bluetooth network), anddata received from a command center server 280 via communicationsinterface B 247 and over a second network (e.g. a wireless network, theInternet, a cloud computing network (e.g. a public or secure cloud),etc.). In various embodiments, the user interface 245 is arepresentational state transfer (REST) application programming interface(API) based on a JSON model to provide access to many types of clients(e.g. thick and thin clients, mobile device clients). In variousembodiments, user interface module 245 provides a Web-based interface(e.g. via a web-based application) to interface with command centerserver 280. In various embodiments, user interface 245 providesplatform/device independent visualization. In various embodiments, userinterface 245 provides portal services to many types of clients tointerface with command center server 280. In various embodiments, userinterface module 245 includes web services to interface with commandcenter server 280. In various embodiments, user interface module 245provides a command driven interface (e.g. DOS, Linux, etc. commanddriven interface) to interface with command center server 280. The userinterface module 245 can include a portal to interface with commandcenter server 280. In various embodiments, suitable secure communicationtechniques may be utilized to communicate data between over the firstand/or second network such as, for example, secure communication methodsemploying asymmetric or symmetric encryption techniques, messageauthentication codes, secure hashing algorithms, or combinations thereofusing, for example, a network security protocol such as, for example,SSL or TLS.

Referring now to FIG. 2 , mobile communication and display device 237includes communication interface A 246 communicating with monitoringdevices deployed on subjects 200-N (and/or monitoring device hubs 210,relay devices 205) and communications interface B 247 communicating withone or more command center servers 280. Communications interface modules246, 247 allow software and data to be transferred between monitoringdevices deployed on subjects 200-N, one or more command center servers280, various modules of mobile communication and display device 237,and/or external devices including, for example, devices associated withexternal sensors, external readers, and/or external assets (e.g.MEDEVAC, CASEVAC assets). In various embodiments, communicationsinterface modules 246, 247 provide machine-to-machine (MTM)communications such as, for example, in an Internet of Things (IoT)infrastructure. In various embodiments, communications interface modules246, 247 provide indications (e.g. notifications, communications, and/orsignals) to external devices (e.g. via command center server 280, alerts282, other mobile communications and display devices, etc.) based onspecifications predefined for prognosis engine 250, triage prioritizingengine 260-A, subject monitoring core 240-N, Medevac 283, Alerts 282,etc., for a subject 200-N and when prognosis engine 250, triageprioritizing engine 260-A, subject monitoring core 240-N, provides anindication that an event has been identified and/or triggered. Invarious embodiments, such as, for example, for government and/ormilitary applications, communications interface B 247 module may includea satellite or RF radio, such as, for example, military radios,including via a Single Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System(SINCGARS), and/or NASA MGRS-compliant communications. In variousembodiments, such as, for example, for commercial applications,communications interface B 247 module may include a connection such as,for example, a Wi-Fi, Ethernet, analog phone, or digital leased linenetworking connection.

Examples of communications interface modules 246, 247 can include amodem, Ethernet card, wireless network card, a Personal Computer MemoryCard International Association (PCMCIA) slot and card, or any suitablenetwork interface module. Software and data transferred viacommunications interface communications interface modules 246, 247 canbe in the form of signals, which can be electronic, electromagnetic,optical, or the like that are configured to being received bycommunications interface communications interface modules 246, 247.These various types of signals are collectively referred to herein aselectronic signals. These electronic signals can be provided tocommunications interface modules 246, 247 via a communications path(e.g., channel), which can be implemented using wire, cable, fiberoptics, a telephone line, a cellular link, a radio frequency (RF) link,a satellite link, a Bluetooth link, and other communication channels.

In various embodiments, a plurality of monitoring devices for aplurality of subjects 200-N can simultaneously connect wirelessly tomobile communication and display device 237 via communications interfaceA 246. In various embodiments, one or more monitoring devices may beconfigured to act as a monitoring device hub 202 in which a plurality ofmonitoring devices in communication range of each other form an ad hocnetwork 210. In various embodiments, the monitoring device hub 202 insuch an ad hoc network 210 may be configured to receive respectiveelectronic signals based on respective monitored physiologicalparameters of respective subjects from each of the other monitoringdevices in the ad hoc network. In various embodiments, the monitoringdevice hub 202 communicates the aggregated electronic signals to amobile communication and display device 237 over a first network viacommunications interface A 246. In various embodiments, a secure (e.g.encrypted) wireless connection between a monitoring device and a mobilecommunication and display device 237, monitoring device hub 202, and/orrelay network device 205, securely identifies the respective monitoringdevice to the mobile communication and display device 237, monitoringdevice hub 202, and/or relay network device 205. In various embodiments,the system including monitoring device and a mobile communication anddisplay device 237, monitoring device hub 202, and/or relay networkdevice 205, is configured to search for and change transmissionfrequencies on the monitoring device and a mobile communication anddisplay device 237, monitoring device hub 202, and/or relay networkdevice 205, due to interference or prohibitive/denied electromagneticenvironment by using a randomized, but previously synchronized algorithmthat defines a set of transmission frequencies to cycle through. Invarious embodiments, relay network device 205 can be used to receive andrebroadcast monitoring device transmissions to mobile communication anddisplay device 237. In various embodiments, relay network device 205 maybe, for example, a battery or externally powered mobile device that mayreceive monitoring device transmissions, cache them in memory, and thensubmit them to a configured application (e.g. a mobile application) fordisplay on relay network device. In various embodiments, including arelay network device 205 in the system increases the range of the systemto any environment where a network connection can be made via Wi-Fi,cellular connectivity, satellite connectivity, or any other IP orsimilar connectivity of relay network device 205. In variousembodiments, relay network device 205 includes a mechanism such as, forexample, via on-screen displays and/or lights, to signal the strength ofother relay network devices (not shown) in a surrounding area of therelay network device 205 to enable comprehensive coverage for aninstallation. In various embodiments, relay network device 205 is asearch and rescue drone dispatched to a remote region with a pluralityof subjects 200-N wearing monitoring devices. The inventor hasidentified that the systems and methods described herein and including arelay network device search and rescue drone 205 permits search andrescue operators to determine the condition of casualties beforedispatching costly operations (including medical personnel) into remote(and possibly actively hostile) locations. In various embodiments, aplurality of relay network nodes (not shown) may redundantly work inparallel, each caching a complete set of monitoring device datatransmissions to be transmitted when either the addressed, appropriatemobile communication and display device 237 or a new, replacement mobilecommunication and display device 237 becomes available via the relaynetwork. In various embodiments, a plurality of relay network nodes (notshown) includes a series of relay network devices (not shown) configuredto authenticate with, and receive data from, a plurality of monitoringdevices that may be centrally aggregated and presented for either globalor localized views of subjects on an application (e.g. mobileapplication, native application) running on one or more mobilecommunication and display devices 237, and/or an application running onone or more remote computing devices (273, 274). In various embodiments,each monitoring device, and/or a separate external subject notificationdevice deployed on the subject, communicated with mobile communicationand display device directly, or indirectly via one or more relay networkdevices (not shown), and notifies the respective subject such as, forexample, by vibrations, flashing lights, auditory sounds, etc., as tothe status of communications between the monitoring device deployed onthe subject and a mobile communication and display device 237.

In various embodiments, centralized triage 281 is a logicalrepresentation of a centralized triage station including one or morephysicians/specialists, a hospital or second-level care facility, anambulatory facility, or other suitable facility, where one or moresubjects 200-N are transferred to via MEDEVAC, CASEVAC, or othersuitable transportation services (e.g. ambulance), and where medicaldata, location data, registration data, orientation data, etc.,regarding such subjects (e.g. stored in subject medical data module 230,subject registration data module 232, subject location data module 231,subject orientation data module 231, etc.) is transferred viacommunications interface B 247 and made accessible to users (e.g. 273,274) at such facilities (e.g. ambulatory service, emergency room,operating room) via user interface 275. In various embodiments, Medevac283 is a logic representation of the logistics of ambulatory services(e.g. via MEDEVAC, CASEVAC, Ambulance, etc.) that the system may assignto various, disparate medical facilities based on, for example, theirfacilities and their current patient loads. Command Center server 280and services from Command Center server 280 (e.g. Centralized triage281) are readily scalable. For example, in various embodiments, acommunity/city/county/district/state/nation/global (e.g. for a masscasualty event) may be organized with each separate municipality havingcontinuous monitoring of subjects 200-N in a respective region ofconcern fed into respective command center servers 280 with coordinatingthe control, logistics, and dispatch of Medevac 283 services when helpwas predicted/seen to be needed and the assignment of healthcareservices/beds/personnel to treat such subjects. In various embodiments,user interface 275 may provide a selectable and scalable view ofregional activity (e.g. subjects, medics, medevacs) such as, forexample, municipality, city, county, district, state, nation, globalincluding to provide command and control for mass casualty events.Command center server 280 services are also readily accessible as acentralized software-as-a-service platform. In various embodiments, eachentity receiving access to command center server 280 services (e.g.hospital, second-level care facility, ambulatory facility, municipalityetc.) may subscribe to such services and, for example, pay asubscription fee to have centralized medical personnel available toassist with their triage and patient monitoring.

Referring again to FIG. 2 , the user interface module 245 provides aninterface between users 233 (e.g. medics, EMTs, physicians, firstresponders, fitness supervisors), the functionality of the mobilecommunication and display device, data received from the plurality ofmonitoring devices deployed on subjects 200-N via communicationsinterface A 246 and over a first network (e.g. a Bluetooth network), anddata received from a command center server 280 via communicationsinterface B 247 and over a second network (e.g. a wireless network, theInternet, a cloud computing network (e.g. a public or secure cloud),etc.). In various embodiments, the user interface 275 is arepresentational state transfer (REST) application programming interface(API) based on a JSON model to provide access to many types of clients(e.g. thick and thin clients, mobile device clients, desktop clients).In various embodiments, user interface module 275 provides a Web-basedinterface (e.g. via a web-based application) to interface with commandcenter server 280. In various embodiments, user interface 275 providesplatform/device independent visualization. In various embodiments, userinterface 275 provides portal services to many types of clients tointerface with command center server 280. In various embodiments, userinterface module 275 includes web services to interface with commandcenter server 280. In various embodiments, user interface module 275provides a command driven interface (e.g. DOS, Linux, etc. commanddriven interface) to interface with command center server 280. The userinterface module 275 can include a portal to interface with commandcenter server 280. In various embodiments, centralized triage 281provides a portal for a centralized triage group (e.g. one or morephysicians/specialists) to enable users of the centralized triage groupto review, override, or alert a user of a mobile communication anddisplay device to evaluated changes in prognoses for subjects' monitoredby monitoring devices communicating with the mobile communication anddisplay device. In various embodiments, centralized medical personnelcan interface with command center server 280 via user interface 275 toreview subject data in real-time, review active subjects data in realtime and receive subject trend and pattern analysis, connect to, reviewand annotate subjects' electronic records, edit subjects' medicalinformation, add notes to subjects' medical records, add notes tosubjects' fitness records, annotate prognoses for subjects, produceinstant after action reports (AAR) from data collected, sendinstructions and alerts to subjects' medics, EMTs, first responders at arespective mobile communication and display device, and/or initiatetwo-way communications via voice, text, video, e-mail, or any suitablecommunication technique, with patients' medics, EMTs, first respondersat a respective mobile communication and display device.

In various embodiments, Alerts 282 is a logical representation of thenotes, instructions, records, and delivery, notification and messagingfeatures of the system. In various embodiments, an alert can be providedbased on, for example, a prognosis score and/or triage prioritizationorder (e.g. alert provided to a user display via user interface 245,275). In various embodiments, a notification message based on theprognosis score and/or triage prioritization order can be transmitted(e.g. to an external device via communications interface B module 247).Any suitable notification message can be provided and is based on auser's definitions provided for the prognosis or triage prioritizationorder. In some embodiments, the notification message is a defaultnotification message set by, for example, the administrator 273, 274.For example, the notification message transmitted via communicationsinterface module B 247 can be an electronic mail message, a telephonecall, an alphanumeric page, a numeric page, a text message, a shortmessaging service message, a video message, a voice message, and othersuitable notification messages. In various embodiments, a command centeris a logical representation of functions provided by an administrativeuser. In various embodiments, command center server 280 provides anadministrative and medical role portal into the system and may beintegrated with operational command centers. In various embodiments, anadministrative user may develop an operational environment for thesystem, review medic/EMT/first responder and subject data andgeolocations in real-time, annotate medics' and subjects' electronicrecords, edit subjects' medical information, add notes to subjects'medical records, add notes to subjects' fitness records, sendinstructions and alerts to subjects' medics, and initiate two-waycommunications via voice, text, video, email, or any suitablecommunication technique with subjects' medics, via user interface 275.For example, during combat operations, command center server 280(Medevac 283), and administrative and/or medical role personnelinterfacing with such server, can provide instructions to directsubjects 200-N to one of a plurality of operating posts with medicalfacilities depending on bed space, capabilities, and personnel. Forexample, during situations such as, for example, a natural disaster ormass casualty event, command center server 280 (Alerts 282), andadministrative and/or medical role personnel interfacing with suchserver, may receive real-time notifications with respective prognosisscores and triage prioritization of various subjects, and may monitorand/or transmit instructions to direct/monitor the subjects' movementfrom the point of injury to the next level of care.

In various embodiments, command center server 280 and subject medicaldata 271 module may include a centralized data storage and systemadministration system. In various embodiments, subject medical data 271module may include a secure subject data service 220 (not shown), suchas, for example, a networked data provider for securely providingsubject data such as, for example, subjects' medical and descriptivedata accessed based on identifiable data of the subject, and other datasuch as, for example, locations of medical facilities, hospitals, bases,and any and all other pertinent geolocation values. In variousembodiments, subject medical data 271 module may include one or moreoutside secure data providers, either in place of, or in addition to, asecure subject data service (not shown). In various embodiments, subjectmedical data 271 module may be a memory buffer of subject medical datathat can be accessed via a secure subject data service includingdescriptive data, and medical data and via command center server 280 anduser interface 275, 245. Command center server may include one or moreservers 280 (e.g., Linux, windows, blade servers), a distributed workingmemory (e.g. software running on server), one or more network switchesand/or encryption switches, a persistent storage unit (e.g. NoSQL, MySQLcluster, database). In various embodiments, command center server 280may communicate with user interface module 275 via an object-orienteddata interchange format such as, for example, JavaScript Object Notation(JSON) and provide, for example, NoSQL, or MySQL cluster, persistence.In various embodiments, command center server 280, subject medical data271 module, and subject registration data 272 module, may include andprovide suitable industry security and web services to facilitate datapopulation and receipt. In various embodiments, subject medical data 271module may include a transactional data warehouse, with analytical andoperational data marts (now shown). In various embodiments, userinterface 275 may provide a system administration portal for systemadministrative users and analyst users to perform maintenance andtroubleshooting on the system. In various embodiments, command centerserver 280 provides a secure, high-speed connection between userinterface 275, modules of mobile communication and display device 237via communications interface B 247 module, subject medical data 271module, and/or subject registration data 272 module.

In various embodiments, the prognosis engine 250 generates real-timeprognosis scores for each of a plurality of subjects using generatedmachine readable values for each of a plurality of physiological,physical, and/or environmental parameters, and one or more prognosisweighting factors (from prognosis weighting modules 258). In variousembodiments, the prognosis engine generates real-time respectiveseverity scores for each of a plurality of physiological, physical,and/or environmental parameters, for each of a plurality of subjectsusing generated machine readable values for such parameters and aplurality of severity thresholds (from severity threshold module 259).In various embodiments, prognosis engine 250 interfaces withcommunications interface A module 246, prognosis weighting module 258,severity threshold module 259, subject monitoring core 240-N, subjectmedical data module 230, and/or user interface 245. In variousembodiments, the triage prioritization engine 260-A selects a triageprioritization order of the subjects, including subjects in A monitoringgroups, using the generated prognosis scores from prognosis engine 250.In various embodiments, the triage prioritization engine 260-Ainterfaces with prognosis engine 250, subject monitoring core 240-N,location data module 231, communications interface B module 247, and/oruser interface 245.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a computer-implemented method ofautomated triage prioritization according to some embodiments. At block400, an emergency medical event with casualties to a plurality ofsubjects occurs in accordance with some embodiments. At block 401, afirst subject has a monitoring device (140) applied to a surface ofhis/her body, and a subject monitoring core of a mobile communicationdisplay device determines if the subject has been pre-assigned (e.g.pre-registered) to the applied monitoring device (140). In variousembodiments, if the subject has not been pre-assigned the monitoringdevice (140), at block 402, a user (e.g. medic, first responder, EMT)may scan the monitoring device (140) on the mobile communication displaydevice to read the monitoring device's (140) RFID (or barcode, or QRcode) to obtain the monitoring device's unique identification string. Invarious embodiments, at block 402, a monitoring device may automaticallytransmit its respective RFID (or barcode, or QR code) to the mobilecommunication display device once the monitoring device has been removedfrom any packaging and/or activated by a user. The subject monitoringcore of the mobile communication display device then assigns (e.g.registers in in data repository 232) this monitoring device to thissubject. At block 403, the subject monitoring core of the mobilecommunication display device queries online medical data repositories(e.g. subject medical data repository 271) via communications interface247 (e.g. over a wireless network, the Internet, a cloud computingnetwork), and/or subject medical data repositories (230) stored thereon,to determine if the subject's electronic medical record and/or fitnessrecord is available to be retrieved by mobile communications and displaydevice. If the subject's electronic medical record and/or electronicfitness record is not available to the mobile communications and displaydevice, at block 404, the user may enter identifying and visuallydescriptive data to identify this subject which can be stored in memoryof the mobile communication display device (e.g. 230, 232). If thesubject's electronic medical record and/or electronic fitness record isavailable online (e.g. 271), or in a data repository of the mobilecommunication and display device (e.g. 230), at block 405, the subjectmonitoring core of the mobile communication display device retrievesthis subject's electronic medical and descriptive data.

In various embodiments, once a monitoring device is deployed on asurface of a subject (e.g. on a surface of an ear opposite a concha of asubject, a surface over a mastoid region of the neck of a subject), atransmitter of the monitoring device transmits electronic signalsincluding the subject's physiological data, environmental data, and/orlocation, orientation, motion, etc. data, to a receiver of the mobilecommunications and display device. At block 404, 405, or if the subjecthad a pre-assigned monitoring device (140) at block 401, the registeredsubjects' physiological signs data is displayed on a display of themobile communication display device via user interface 245. At block407, the subject monitoring core of the mobile communication displaydevice validates the existence of additional subjects to be registeredto monitoring devices (140). If there are additional subjects toregister, the method returns to block 401. If there are no additionalsubjects to register, at block 408, prognosis engine 250, triageprioritizing engine 260-A, and/or subject monitoring core 240-N, updatesthe registered subjects' physiological signs data from respectiveelectronic signals received via wireless communications of thecorresponding monitoring devices (140). At block 420, program codeexecutable by a processor of the mobile communication display device,and encoded on a non-transient machine readable storage medium of themobile communication display device, determines if the user local to themobile communication display device (e.g. 237) has enabled a Map Mode onthe mobile communication display device (e.g. 237) which is configuredto display, for example, a configurable aerial map of the user andsubjects' monitoring devices reporting their locations on a display ofthe mobile communication display device (e.g. 237). At block 421,program code executable by a processor of the command center serverand/or by a processor of a remote computer, and encoded on anon-transient machine readable storage medium of the command centerserver or remote computer, determines if a remote administrative user ormedical user (e.g. 273, 274) has enabled a Map Mode on a display of aremote computer (e.g. 273, 274) which is configured to display, forexample, a configurable aerial map of the user and subjects' monitoringdevices reporting their locations on a display of the remote computer(e.g. 273, 274). At block 422, the mobile communication display device,and/or remote computer, displays the Map Mode for the current user.

At block 423, subject monitoring core 240-N of the mobile communicationdisplay device updates the user's location data based on the locationinformation (e.g. GPS coordinates) provided by the mobile communicationdisplay device and the subjects' location data based on the locationinformation (e.g. GPS coordinates) provided by their monitoring devices(140) from respective electronic signals received via networkcommunications (e.g. Bluetooth network) of the corresponding monitoringdevices (140). At block 424, program code executable by a processor ofthe mobile communication display device, and/or program code executableby a processor of command center server 280 or a remote computer (e.g.273, 274), determines if a user or subject has been selected on the userinterface 245 of the mobile communication display device, and/or a userinterface 275 of a remote computer (e.g. 273, 274), in the Map Mode. Ifnot, the method returns to block 422 and updates the user and thesubjects' locations on the map. If a user or subject has been selectedon the user interface 245 of the mobile communication display device,and/or a user interface 275 of a remote computer (e.g. 273, 274), in MapMode, at block 425, a display of the mobile communication displaydevice, and/or a display of a remote computer (e.g. 273, 274), displays,for example, additional physiological signs, medical records, fitnessrecords, descriptive, administrative, alerts, notifications,instructions, location details, and other available and suitable datafor the clicked selected user and/or subject. Users local to the mobilecommunication display device, and/or remote administrative users ormedical users (e.g. 273, 274), may then choose to add notes on the useror subject's medical records and/or fitness records, add files,communicate with the user, or other users, modify a prognosis for thesubject, modify delivery instructions, add alerts, log what happened toa subject from the point of injury, enter and update interventions (e.g.CPR, medical administration, intubation, tourniquet applied, airwayaccess, etc.) for logging in subject's medical records, or perform othersuitable actions, at block 426. At block 427, program code executable bya processor of the mobile communication display device, and/or programcode executable by a processor of a remote computer, performs theactions selected by the user. If such users do not perform one or morefunctions at block 426, such user may give instructions or orders withalerts at block 428. If such users choose to give instructions or orderswith alerts at block 428, program code executable by a processor of themobile communication display device, and/or program code executable by aprocessor of a remote computer, gives instructions or orders with alertsselected by the user at block 429. The method then returns to block 422to update the user and subjects' locations on the map displayed on adisplay of the mobile communication display device, and/or displayed ona display of a remote computer.

At block 409, each subject's physiological signs data, environmentalparameters data, location, orientation, motion, etc. data, and/or othersuitable subject data, communicated to the mobile communication displaydevice via communications interface A (246), is data modeled,statistically analyzed, and/or predictively modeled, to generateprognosis scores by prognosis engine 250 of the mobile communicationdisplay device. At block 410, triage prioritizing engine 260-A generatesa triage prioritization order of the subjects based on prognosis scoresgenerated by prognosis engine 250 of the mobile communication displaydevice at block 409. If block 409 or block 410 results in an alertcondition, at block 411, program code executable by a processor of themobile communication display device generates a suitable alert, and, atblock 412, program code executable by a processor of the mobilecommunication display device displays, and/or communicates, thegenerated alert to the user via user interface 245, or an appropriateuser (e.g. administrative role, or medical role) via user interface 275,depending on the conditions of the generated alert. If there areadditional alerts to be handled by the mobile communication displaydevice, block 411 repeats. If there are no additional alerts to behandled by the mobile communication display device, each subject'sphysiological signs data, environmental parameters data, location,orientation, motion, etc. data, and/or other suitable subject datareceived by the mobile communication display device, is stored in a datarepository of the mobile communication display device, and/ortransmitted to a centralized data repository (e.g. 271) at block 413. Atblock 414, program code executable by a processor of a command centerserver (e.g. 280), and/or by a processor of a remote computer/computingdevice (e.g. 273, 274) validates if remote activity is being performedby one or more users (e.g. 273, 274). If command center server (e.g.280), and/or remote computer (e.g. 273, 274), validates remote activity,at block 415, program code executable by a processor of the commandcenter server, and/or by a processor of remote computer (e.g. 273, 274),validates if the remote activity is from a medical or administrativerole. If command center server (e.g. 280), and/or remote computer (e.g.273, 274), validates the remote activity is from a medical role, atblock 416, program code executable by a processor of the command centerserver, and/or by a processor of a remote computer (e.g. 273, 274),processes this activity. If command center server (e.g. 280), and/orremote computer (e.g. 273, 274), validates the remote activity is froman administrative role, at block 417, program code executable by aprocessor of the command center server, and/or by a processor of aremote computer, processes this activity. At blocks 416 and 417, programcode executable by a processor of the command center server, and/or by aprocessor of a remote computer, updates respective subject data at block418. At block 419, program code executable by a processor of the commandcenter server, and/or by a processor of a remote computer, updates thesubjects' data with the most up-to-date data, and a display of a remotecomputing device (e.g. 273, 274) displays the data to the user. Themethod returns to block 414 where program code executable by a processorof the command center server, and/or by a processor of a remotecomputer, validates additional remote activity. If the program codeexecutable by a processor of the command center server, and/or by aprocessor of a remote computer, determined there is no remote activityat block 414, then the method returns to block 407 to determine if thereare additional subjects to be registered with corresponding monitoringdevices 140.

Referring now to FIGS. 5A-5C, computer-implemented methods of automatedtriage prioritization are provided. In some embodiments, a plurality ofmonitoring devices are provided where each monitoring device includes afirst portion and a second portion. In some embodiments, each firstportion of each monitoring device is configured for deployment on asurface opposite a concha of a respective ear of a respective subject.In some embodiments, each first portion of each monitoring device isconfigured for deployment on a surface over a mastoid region of the neckof a subject. In some embodiments, each first portion of each monitoringdevice includes a plurality of physiological sensors. For example, theplurality of physiological sensors may include a pulse oximetry sensorincluding an emitter configured to emit light in a direction toward theconcha and a receptor configured to receive light reflected from one ormore sources in the direction where the pulse oximetry sensor isconfigured to generate an electronic pulse oximetry signal based on thereceived, reflected light. The plurality of physiological sensors mayalso include a blood pressure sensor comprising an electrocardiogramsensor configured to monitor an electrical potential at the monitoredsurface (e.g. ear, skin over a mastoid region of neck), and a motionsensor configured to monitor motion (e.g. BCG) at the monitored surface(e.g. ear, skin over a mastoid region of neck) relevant to a motionaxis. In some embodiments, the blood pressure sensor is configured togenerate an electronic blood pressure signal based on the monitoredelectrical potential and motion. The plurality of physiological sensorsmay also include a combination of an electrocardiogram sensor, a motionsensor, and a pulse oximetry sensor. The plurality of physiologicalsensors may also include a combination of a pulse oximetry sensor and askin temperature sensor. The plurality of physiological sensors may alsoinclude a skin conductance sensor or a skin resistance sensor. Othersuitable physiological sensors may be included in first portion of amonitoring device 140.

In some embodiments, each first portion of each monitoring device alsoincludes an orientation sensor configured to monitor an orientation ofthe respective subject relative to an orientation axis and to generatean electronic orientation signal based on the monitored orientation. Invarious embodiments, each second portion of each monitoring deviceincludes one or more atmospheric sensors including a pressure sensorconfigured to monitor ambient pressure around a surface of therespective subject and to generate an electronic ambient pressure signalbased on the monitored pressure. In some embodiments, the one or moreatmospheric sensors includes at least one of an ambient temperaturesensor, a humidity sensor, a UV index sensor, an altitude sensor, and anambient light sensor, such that each of the one or more atmosphericsensors is configured to monitor a corresponding environmental parameteraround the surface of the respective subject and to generate acorresponding electronic signal based on the monitored environmentalparameter.

In various embodiments, each second portion of each monitoring device isconfigured for deployment on another surface of a respective subject andthe first portion of the monitoring device is configured to transmit thefirst portion generated electronic signals to the second portion. Invarious embodiments, each monitoring device 140 also includes atransmitter configured to transmit the generated electronic signals overa first network such as, for example, a Bluetooth network (e.g. aBluetooth Low Energy (LE) smart network). In some embodiments, the firstportion of the monitoring device is configured to transmit the firstportion generated electronic signals to the second portion over a wiredconnection. At block 500, electronic signals from one or more of theplurality of monitoring devices 140 are received by a mobilecommunication and display device 237 (e.g. from each monitoring device140, from a monitoring device hub 202, from a relay network device 205).In various embodiments, the mobile communication and display device 237includes a communications interface A module 246 configured to becoupled to the first network and to receive the transmitted electronicsignals over the first network from each of the transmitters of each ofthe plurality of monitoring devices, a user interface 246, a processorcoupled to the communications interface, and a non-transientmachine-readable storage medium encoded with program code executable bythe processor. At block 510, a determination is made as to whether thesignals include physiological data. If the received electronic signalsdo not include physiological data, at block 505, the method returns toblock 500. If the received electronic signals include physiologicaldata, at block 512-517, a determination is made as to the type ofphysiological data in the received electronic signals.

At block 516, if the received electronic signals for a subject includeskin temperature data for the subject, program code executable by theprocessor will generate respective human and machine readable valuesindicative of skin temperature for the respective subjects using thereceived electronic signals at block 535. At block 513, if the receivedelectronic signals for a subject include respiratory rate data for thesubject, program code executable by the processor will generaterespective human and machine readable values indicative of respiratoryrate for the respective subjects using the received electronic signalsat block 535. At block 517, if the received electronic signals for asubject include heart rate data for the subject, program code executableby the processor will generate respective human and machine readablevalues indicative of heart rate for the respective subjects using thereceived electronic signals at block 535. At block 515, if the receivedelectronic signals for a subject include pulse oximetry data for thesubject, program code executable by the processor will generaterespective human and machine readable values indicative of at least oneof pulse oximetry, respiratory rate, heart rate, heart rate variability,pulse transit time, pulse wave velocity, or carbon dioxide in arespective subject's blood (using linear correlations as describedabove), for the respective subjects using the received electronicsignals at block 535. At blocks 516 and 512, if the received electronicsignals for a subject include skin temperature data and pulse oximetrydata for the subject, program code executable by the processor willgenerate respective human and machine readable values indicative of atleast one of core body temperature or cranial temperature. At block 512,if the received electronic signals for a subject include blood pressuredata for the subject, program code executable by the processor willgenerate respective human and machine readable values indicative ofblood pressure for the respective subjects using the received electronicsignals at block 535. At block 518, if the received electronic signalsfor a subject include skin conductance or skin resistance data, programcode executable by the processor will generate respective human andmachine readable values indicative of at least one of respiratory rate,hydration level, stress level, or neurological response. At blocks 514and 511, if the received electronic signals for a subject include motiondata and electrical potential data for the subject, program codeexecutable by the processor will generate respective human and machinereadable values indicative of blood pressure for the respective subjectsusing the received electronic signals at block 532.

At block 511, if the received electronic signals for a subject includeelectrical potential data from an electrocardiogram sensor, program codeexecutable by the processor will generate respective human and machinereadable values indicative of at least one of heart rate, pacemaker edgedetection (e.g. with three chamber pacing with data logging and ECGtagging for three rising and falling edges), or R-R interval (e.g. usingan adaptation of the Pan-Tompkins QRS detection algorithm describedbelow). At block 511, if the received electronic signals for a subjectinclude electrical potential data from an electrocardiogram sensor andfrom another electrical potential sensor, program code executable by theprocessor will generate respective human and machine readable valuesindicative of at least one of stroke volume, heart rate, cardiac output,ventricular ejection time, or pre-ejection period. At blocks 511, 514,and 515, if the received electronic signals for a subject includeelectrical potential data from an electrocardiogram sensor, motion data,and pulse oximetry data, program code executable by the processor willgenerate respective human and machine readable values indicative of atleast one of mean arterial blood pressure, systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure, pulse transit time, pulse wave velocity, orR-J interval. The inventor has determined a technique to calculate meanarterial blood pressure from electrocardiogram (ECG) signal data(electrical potential sensor), photoplethysmogram (PPG) (pulse oximetrysensor) signal data, and ballistocardiogram (BCG) (motion sensor) signaldata to extract mean blood pressure up the carotid artery. The inventorhas also determined a technique to then calculate pulse wave velocity,pulse transit time, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic bloodpressure from the mean arterial blood pressure. For example, tocalculate pulse wave velocity, the inventor has determined a techniqueusing electrocardiogram (ECG) signal data, ballistocardiogram (BCG)signal data, and pulse wave transit time (as pulse wave transit time(TPTT) and blood pressure are oppositely correlated). The inventor hasderived an equation to calculate systolic blood pressure (P_(S)) fromTPTT by combining a formula concerning blood vessels' elasticity andMoens-Korteweg's equation: P_(S)=1/α×ln(2 ρr Δx² (E₀hT_(PTT) ²)). Inthis equation α is a constant issued from blood vessels'characteristics, E₀ is blood vessels' modulus of longitudinal elasticitywhen P_(S) is 0 mmHg, h is the vascular wall's thickness, ρ is blooddensity, r the intravascular diameter, and Δx the distance between theheart and pulse wave measure point (back of the cavum conchae). Theinventor considered that, to measure blood pressure in daily activities,covering a wide range of physiological status from rest to exercise isrequired. Thus, the inventor considered changes in blood vessels' innerdiameter since the expected the elasticity of the vessels to change theblood vessels' inner diameter when blood pressure increases due toexercise or stress. Thus, the inventor took these considerations intoaccount in the equation: ΔPr Δθ=2EΔr/r×h sin (Δθ/2). The inventor alsoidentified that a BCG signal can be noisy during motion, and thus lookedto replace T_(PTT) in the equation. The inventor identified that,generally, variations of the time of pre-ejection period, T_(PEP), areminimal, and thus replaced T_(PTT) by T_(PAT), pulse arrival time toachieve the equation: P_(S)=1/α×ln (2ρΔx²/c₀T_(PAT) ²−1/αc₀). In thisequation, ΔP is the variation of intravascular pressure, AO is thecentral angle of blood vessel, E is the blood vessels' Young modulus oflongitudinal elasticity, Δr is the variation in blood vessels' diameter,and c₀ is integration constant. The inventor also determined calculatingR-J interval by ascertaining the difference in time between the bodytelling the heart to beat (via ECG signal) and the appearance of theblood in the head (BCG signal).

At block 520, a determination is made as to whether the signals includeenvironmental data. If the received electronic signals do not includeenvironmental data, at block 505, the method returns to block 500. Ifthe received electronic signals include environmental data, at block521-525, a determination is made as to the type of environmental data inthe received electronic signals. At block 525, if the receivedelectronic signals for an environment around a subject include ambientpressure data for the environment, program code executable by theprocessor will generate respective machine readable values indicative ofambient pressure for the respective subjects using the receivedelectronic signals at block 536. At block 521, if the receivedelectronic signals for an environment around a subject include ambientlight data for the environment, program code executable by the processorwill generate respective machine readable values indicative of ambientlight for the respective subjects using the received electronic signalsat block 536, and provide another input to, for example, generaterespective machine readable values indicative of pulse oximetry for therespective subjects at block 535. At block 522, if the receivedelectronic signals for an environment around a subject include UV indexdata for the environment, program code executable by the processor willgenerate respective machine readable values indicative of UV index forthe respective subjects using the received electronic signals at block536. At block 523, if the received electronic signals for an environmentaround a subject include ambient temperature data for the environment,program code executable by the processor will generate respectivemachine readable values indicative of ambient temperature for therespective subjects using the received electronic signals at block 536,and/or provide another input to, for example, generate respectivemachine readable values indicative of body/skin/cranial temperature forthe respective subjects at block 535. At block 524, if the receivedelectronic signals for an environment around a subject include humiditydata for the environment, program code executable by the processor willgenerate respective machine readable values indicative of humidity forthe respective subjects using the received electronic signals at block536, and/or provide another input to, for example, generate respectivemachine readable values indicative of liquid indication value for therespective subjects at block 558. At block 526, if the receivedelectronic signals for an environment around a subject include altitudedata for the environment, program code executable by the processor willgenerate respective machine readable values indicative of altitude forthe respective subjects using the received electronic signals at block536.

Referring now to FIG. 5B, at block 551, a determination is made as towhether the signals include respective location data for the subjects.If the received electronic signals do not include location data, atblock 505, the method returns to block 500. At block 525, if thereceived electronic signals include respective location data for asubject, program code executable by the processor will determine adistance between the respective subject and the user of the mobilecommunication and display device, and generate respective machinereadable values indicative of location for the respective subject usingthe received electronic signals at block 534. At block 552, adetermination is made as to whether the signals include respectivemovement data for the subjects. If the received electronic signals donot include movement data, at block 505, the method returns to block500. At block 552, if the received electronic signals include respectivemovement data for a subject, program code executable by the processorwill generate respective machine readable values indicative of movementfor the subject using the received electronic signals at block 534. Atblock 553, a determination is made as to whether the signals includerespective battery life status data for each of the monitoring devices.If the received electronic signals do not include battery life statusdata, at block 505, the method returns to block 500. At block 553, ifthe received electronic signals include respective battery life statusdata for a monitoring device, program code executable by the processorwill generate respective machine readable values indicative of batterylife status data for the corresponding subject using the receivedelectronic signals at block 534. At block 554, a determination is madeas to whether the signals include respective orientation data for eachof the subjects. If the received electronic signals do not includeorientation data, at block 505, the method returns to block 500. Atblock 554, if the received electronic signals include respectiveorientation data for a subject, program code executable by the processorwill generate respective machine readable values indicative oforientation for the subject using the received electronic signals atblock 534. At block 555, a determination is made as to whether thesignals include respective signal strength data for each of themonitoring devices. If the received electronic signals do not includesignal strength data, at block 505, the method returns to block 500. Atblock 555, if the received electronic signals include respective signalstrength data for a monitoring device, program code executable by theprocessor will generate respective machine readable values indicative ofsignal strength data for the corresponding subject using the receivedelectronic signals at block 534.

Referring now to FIG. 5C, at block 556, a determination is made as towhether the signals include respective pain index data for each of thesubjects. If the received electronic signals do not include pain indexdata, at block 505, the method returns to block 500. At block 556, ifthe received electronic signals include respective pain index data for asubject, program code executable by the processor will generaterespective machine readable values indicative of pain index data for thesubject using the received electronic signals at block 539. At block557, a determination is made as to whether the signals includerespective sound data for each of the subjects. If the receivedelectronic signals do not include sound data, at block 505, the methodreturns to block 500. At block 557, if the received electronic signalsinclude respective sound data for a subject, program code executable bythe processor will generate respective machine readable valuesindicative of sound data for the subject using the received electronicsignals at block 537. At block 558, a determination is made as towhether the signals include respective liquid indication data for eachof the subjects. If the received electronic signals do not includeliquid indication data, at block 505, the method returns to block 500.At block 558, if the received electronic signals include respectiveliquid indication data for a subject, program code executable by theprocessor will generate respective machine readable values indicative ofliquid indication data for the subject using the received electronicsignals, any received input of received electronic signals indicative ofhumidity data, at block 538. At block 559, a determination is made as towhether the received electronic signals include respective motion datafrom both the first portion (e.g. 110) and the second portion (e.g. 120)of the monitoring device for a subject. If the received electronicsignals do not include respective motion data from both the first andsecond portions of the monitoring device, at block 505, the methodreturns to block 500. At block 559, in various embodiments, if thereceived electronic signals do include respective motion data from boththe first portion (e.g. 110) and the second portion (e.g. 120) of themonitoring device for a subject, program code executable by theprocessor may provide a motion correction signal, or a filtered motionsignal, to block 514 to filter out motion errors in the respectivemotion sensor of the respective first portion of the respectivemonitoring device while a monitored subject 100 is moving (as describedabove). At block 559, in various embodiments, if the received electronicsignals do include respective motion data from both the first portion(e.g. 110) and the second portion (e.g. 120) of the monitoring devicefor a subject, program code executable by the processor may generatedrespective machine readable values indicative of motion errors using thereceived electronic signals for calibrating and/or correcting generatedmachine readable values for various physiological signs which use motiondata (block 514) as an input (e.g. blood pressure, mean arterial bloodpressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulsetransit time, pulse wave velocity, R-J interval). For example, thegenerated electronic motion correction signals, generated electronicfiltered motion signals, and/or respective machine readable valuesindicative of motion errors, may be used to double-check heart ratecalculations from the pulse oximetry values (block 515) and ECG values(block 511), to double-check respiratory rate calculations from both thepulse oximetry values (block 515) and BCG values (block 514), todouble-check blood pressure calculations using the combination of pulseoximetry values (block 515) and ECG values (block 511), and thecombination of pulse oximetry values (block 515) and BCG values (block514).

Referring back to FIG. 5A, at block 540, prognosis engine 250 determineswhether the respectively generated machine readable values indicative ofthe physiological and environmental parameters are greater thanrespective predetermined severity thresholds (e.g. in severity threshold259) for the physiological and environmental parameters. At block 511,if a respectively generated machine readable value indicative of aphysiological or environmental parameter is less than a respectivepredetermined severity threshold (e.g. in severity threshold 259) forthe physiological or environmental parameter, then prognosis engine 250generates a first severity score for the physiological or environmentalparameter and the corresponding subject. At block 542, if a respectivelygenerated machine readable value indicative of a physiological orenvironmental parameter is greater than a respective predeterminedseverity threshold (e.g. in severity threshold 259) for thephysiological or environmental parameter, then prognosis engine 250generates a second severity score for the physiological or environmentalparameter and the corresponding subject. For example, if a respectivelygenerated machine readable value indicative of pulse oximetry is lessthan a respective predetermined severity threshold for pulse oximetry,then prognosis engine 250 generates a first severity score for pulseoximetry and the corresponding subject by performing a predeterminedoperation (e.g. addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.)of a predetermined amount on the pulse oximetry value. Additionally, byway of example, if a respectively generated machine readable valueindicative of pulse oximetry is greater than a respective predeterminedseverity threshold for pulse oximetry, then prognosis engine 250generates a second severity score for pulse oximetry and thecorresponding subject by performing the same or another predeterminedoperation (e.g. addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.)of a different predetermined amount on the pulse oximetry value.

In various embodiments, prognosis engine 250 determines whether therespectively generated machine readable values indicative of thephysiological and environmental parameters and respectively cachedmachine readable values indicative of the physiological andenvironmental parameters are greater than respective predeterminedseverity thresholds (e.g. in severity threshold 259) for thephysiological and environmental parameters. For example, if therespectively generated, and respectively cached, machine readable valuesindicative of a trend pulse oximetry is less than a respectivepredetermined severity threshold for a trend in pulse oximetry, thenprognosis engine 250 generates a first severity score for pulse oximetryand the corresponding subject by performing a predetermined operation(e.g. addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.) of apredetermined amount on the pulse oximetry value. Additionally, by wayof example, if the respectively generated, and respectively cached,machine readable values indicative of a trend in pulse oximetry isgreater than a respective predetermined severity threshold for a trendin pulse oximetry, then prognosis engine 250 generates a second severityscore for pulse oximetry and the corresponding subject by performing thesame or another predetermined operation (e.g. addition, subtraction,multiplication, division, etc.) of a different predetermined amount onthe pulse oximetry value.

Referring back to FIG. 5B, at block 545, prognosis engine 250 determineswhether the respectively generated machine readable values indicative ofthe parameters at block 534 are greater than respective predeterminedseverity thresholds (e.g. in severity threshold 259) for suchparameters. At block 543, if a respectively generated machine readablevalue indicative of a parameter at block 534 is less than a respectivepredetermined severity threshold (e.g. in severity threshold 259) forthe parameter, then prognosis engine 250 generates a first severityscore for the parameter and the corresponding subject. At block 542, ifa respectively generated machine readable value indicative of aparameter at block 534 is greater than a respective predeterminedseverity threshold (e.g. in severity threshold 259) for the parameter,then prognosis engine 250 generates a second severity score for theparameter and the corresponding subject. For example, if a respectivelygenerated machine readable value indicative of distance between asubject and a user of mobile communication and display device is lessthan a respective predetermined severity threshold for such distance,then prognosis engine 250 generates a first severity score for suchdistance and the corresponding subject by performing a predeterminedoperation (e.g. addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.)of a predetermined amount on the generated distance value. Additionally,for example, if a respectively generated machine readable valueindicative of such distance is greater than a respective predeterminedseverity threshold for such distance, then prognosis engine 250generates a second severity score for such distance and thecorresponding subject by performing the same or another predeterminedoperation (e.g. addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.)of a different predetermined amount on the generated distance value. Forexample, if a respectively generated machine readable value indicativeof orientation is of a first particular type (e.g. lying face down),then prognosis engine 250 generates a first severity score for suchorientation and the corresponding subject by performing a predeterminedoperation (e.g. addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.)of a predetermined amount on the generated orientation value.Additionally, for example, if a respectively generated machine readablevalue indicative of orientation is of a second particular type (e.g.standing), then prognosis engine 250 generates a second severity scorefor such orientation and the corresponding subject by performing thesame or another predetermined operation (e.g. addition, subtraction,multiplication, division, etc.) of a different predetermined amount onthe generated orientation value.

In various embodiments, prognosis engine 250 determines whether therespectively generated machine readable values indicative of a parameter(e.g. orientation, movement, location) and respectively cached machinereadable values indicative of the parameter are greater than respectivepredetermined severity thresholds (e.g. in severity threshold 259) forthe parameter. For example, if the respectively generated, andrespectively cached, machine readable values indicative of a trend inorientation is of a first trending type (e.g. standing up to laying faceup), then prognosis engine 250 generates a first severity score for suchtrend in orientation and the corresponding subject by performing apredetermined operation (e.g. addition, subtraction, multiplication,division, etc.) of a predetermined amount on the generated orientationvalue. Additionally, for example, if the respectively generated, andrespectively cached, machine readable values indicative of a trend inorientation is of a second particular type (e.g. lying face down tositting up), then prognosis engine 250 generates a second severity scorefor such trend in orientation and the corresponding subject byperforming the same or another predetermined operation (e.g. addition,subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.) of a differentpredetermined amount on the generated orientation value.

Referring back to FIG. 5C, at block 549, prognosis engine 250 determineswhether the respectively generated machine readable values indicative ofpain index are greater than respective predetermined severity thresholds(e.g. in severity threshold 259) for pain index. At block 549, if arespectively generated machine readable value indicative of pain indexis less than a respective predetermined severity threshold (e.g. inseverity threshold 259) for pain index, then the method returns to block500 at block 505. At block 549, if a respectively generated machinereadable value indicative of pain index is greater than a respectivepredetermined severity threshold (e.g. in severity threshold 259) forpain index, then prognosis engine 250 generates a respective weightingfactor for pain index and the corresponding subject. At block 547,prognosis engine 250 determines whether the respectively generatedmachine readable values indicative of sound indicates one or more of apredetermined sound type (e.g. a scream). At block 547, if arespectively generated machine readable value indicative of sound doesnot indicate one or more of the predetermined sound types, then themethod returns to block 500 at block 505. At block 547, if arespectively generated machine readable value indicative of soundindicates one or more of the predetermined sound types, then prognosisengine 250 generates a respective weighting factor for the predeterminedsound type and the corresponding subject. At block 547, prognosis engine250 determines whether the respectively generated machine readablevalues indicative of liquid indicates excessive bleeding. At block 548,if a respectively generated machine readable value indicative of liquiddoes not indicate excessive bleeding, then the method returns to block500 at block 505. At block 548, if a respectively generated machinereadable value indicative of liquid indicates excessive bleeding, thenprognosis engine 250 generates a respective weighting factor for theindication of excessive bleeding and the corresponding subject.

In various embodiments, prognosis engine 250 determines whether therespectively generated machine readable values indicative of a parameter(e.g. liquid, sound) and respectively cached machine readable valuesindicative of the parameter are greater than respective predeterminedseverity thresholds (e.g. in severity threshold 259) for the parameter.For example, if the respectively generated, and respectively cached,machine readable values indicative of a trend in liquid (e.g. no changein liquid indicated) are less than a respective predetermined severitythreshold for a trend in liquid, then prognosis engine 250 returns themethod to block 500. Additionally, by way of example, if therespectively generated, and respectively cached, machine readable valuesindicative of a trend in liquid (e.g. increasing amount of liquidindicated) is greater than a respective predetermined severity thresholdfor a trend in liquid, then prognosis engine 250 generates a respectiveweighting factor for the indication of the trend in liquid and thecorresponding subject.

Referring now to FIGS. 6-7 , computer-implemented methods of automatedtriage prioritization are provided. At block 650, prognosis engine 250receives respective generated severity scores (at blocks 544, 543, 511,542) for each of the plurality of subjects 200-N. At block 650,prognosis engine 250 receives respective generated weighting factors (atblock 555, weighting factor module 258) for each of the plurality ofsubjects 200-N. At block 650, prognosis engine 250 generates respectiveprognosis scores for each of the plurality of subjects 200-N using thegenerated respective severity scores and the received plurality ofpredetermined weighting factors. At block 765, triage prioritizationengine 260-A receives the generated prognosis scores for each of theplurality of subjects 200-N from the prognosis engine 250. At block 768,triage prioritization engine 260-A receives the respectively generatedhuman readable values for each of the subjects (blocks 535, 532) Atblock 770, triage prioritization engine 260-A determines whether thereare any selected monitoring groups (e.g. two or more subjects within apredetermined distance of location A, two or more subjects within apredetermined distance of location B, two or more subjects whosephysiological and/or environmental parameters are received from amonitoring device hub (e.g. 210) and/or a relay network device 205). Atblock 771, if triage prioritization engine 260-A determines that thereare no selected monitoring groups, then triage prioritization engine260-A generates a triage prioritization order of the subjects (e.g.subject-8 triage priority 1, subject-3 triage priority 2, subject-1triage priority 3, etc.) using the generated prognosis scores.

In various embodiments, prognosis engine 250 may flag a subject'sprognosis score for highest or lowest triage priority. In variousembodiments, prognosis engine 250 may flag a subject's prognosis scorefor highest or lowest triage priority using the generated, and/orcached, machine readable values, severity scores, and/or weightingfactors. For example, prognosis engine 250 may flag a subject'sprognosis score for highest triage priority if the generated prognosisscore indicates severe heart beat issues, severe breathing issues, orquick operations. For example, prognosis engine 250 may flag a subject'sprognosis score for lowest triage priority if the generated prognosisscore indicates that there is a greater than a predetermined probabilitythreshold that the subject is certain to die. In various embodiments,prognosis engine 250 may place subjects on a black list (and cache suchblack list) if the generated prognosis score indicates that there is agreater than a predetermined probability threshold that each suchsubject is certain to die. At blocks 773 and 774, triage prioritizationengine 260-A determines whether any prognosis scores have been flaggedfor highest or lowest triage priority respectively. If triageprioritization engine 260-A determines a subject's prognosis scores hasbeen flagged for highest triage priority, at block 775, triageprioritization engine 260-A will select the subject for the highesttriage priority position in the generated triage prioritization order.If triage prioritization engine 260-A determines a subject's prognosisscores has been flagged for lowest triage priority, at block 776, triageprioritization engine 260-A will select the subject for the lowesttriage priority position in the generated triage prioritization order.

At block 777, triage prioritization engine 260-A determines whether atriage prioritization order for the subjects is cached in memory of themobile communication and display device. If triage prioritization engine260-A determines that there is no cached triage prioritization order forthe subjects, at block 783, triage prioritization engine 260-A willinterface with subject monitoring cores 240-N and user interface 245(and/or communication interface B 247, command center server 280 anduser interface 275) to display the generated respective human readablevalues for at a predetermined number (e.g. 2, 4, 6) of the subjects onrespective portions of the user interface 245 based on the generatedtriage prioritization order. For example, if triage prioritizationengine 260-A determines that there is no cached triage prioritizationorder for the subjects, triage prioritization engine 260-A willinterface with subject monitoring cores 240-N and user interface 245, todisplay the generated respective human readable values for the subjectwith the determined highest triage priority in a top portion of the userinterface 245, for the subject with the determined second highest triagepriority in a portion of the user interface 245 below the top portion,for the subject with the determined third highest triage priority inportion of the user interface 245 below the portion displaying thegenerated respective human readable values for the subject with thesecond highest triage priority, and so on.

At block 777, if triage prioritization engine 260-A determines thatthere is a cached triage prioritization order for the subjects, triageprioritization engine 260-A will detect whether there is a changebetween the generated and cached triage prioritization orders for thesubjects at block 779. If triage prioritization engine 260-A does notdetect a change between the generated and cached triage prioritizationorders for the subjects, triage prioritization engine 260-A willinterface with subject monitoring cores 240-N and user interface 245, toupdate the displays of the generated respective human readable valuesfor the subjects. At block 781, if triage prioritization engine 260-Adoes detect a change between the generated and cached triageprioritization orders for the subjects, triage prioritization engine260-A will interface with subject monitoring cores 240-N and userinterface 245, to change the respective portions of the display of therespective generated human readable values for the subjects based on thedetected change in the triage prioritization order. For example, iftriage prioritization engine 260-A detects a change in the triageprioritization order for subject-3 and subject-8 based on the stored(e.g. cached) prognosis scores for subject-3 and subject-8, the receivedgenerated respective new prognosis score for subject-3 and subject-8(block 765), and the stored (e.g. cached) triage prioritization order;triage prioritization engine 260-A will interface with subjectmonitoring cores 240-N and user interface 245, to change the respectiveportions of the display of the respective generated human readablevalues for subject-3 and subject-8.

At block 772, triage prioritization engine 260-A interfaces with subjectmonitoring cores 240-N and user interface 245 (and/or communicationinterface B 247, command center server 280 and user interface 275) todisplay the generated respective human readable values for at apredetermined number (e.g. 2, 4, 6) of the subjects on respectiveportions of the user interface 245 based on the generated triageprioritization order. For example, if triage prioritization engine 260-Adetermines that there is no cached triage prioritization order for thesubjects, triage prioritization engine 260-A will interface with subjectmonitoring cores 240-N and user interface 245, to display the generatedrespective human readable values for the subject with the determinedhighest triage priority in a top portion of the user interface 245, forthe subject with the determined second highest triage priority in aportion of the user interface 245 below the top portion, for the subjectwith the determined third highest triage priority in portion of the userinterface 245 below the portion displaying the generated respectivehuman readable values for the subject with the second highest triagepriority, and so on. In various embodiments, display 1110 may beprogrammed (as described below) to automatically shrink and/or minimizethe display for subjects with the lowest triage priority, or lower thana predetermined number (e.g. 4, 6), on user interface 245.

At block 772, if triage prioritization engine 260-A determines thatthere are at least two selected monitoring groups (e.g. monitoring groupA and monitoring group B), then triage prioritization engine 260-A andtriage prioritization engine 260-B generated a triage prioritizationorder of the subjects in each of the monitoring groups A and B asdescribed above for block 771. In various embodiments, if differentmobile communication display devices 237 are monitoring respectivesubjects in different monitoring groups (e.g. monitoring group A ismonitored by device 237-A and monitoring group B is monitored by device237-B), prognosis engine 250 may store (e.g. cache) prognosis stores forsubjects in the different monitoring groups in memory of both devices237 and program code on each such device may default the prognosisscores for the different monitoring group (e.g. monitoring group B) onthe device 237 principally monitoring the other monitoring group (e.g.device 237-A) to an ignore list. At blocks 773 and 774, triageprioritization engine 260-A and triage prioritization engine 260-Brespectively determine whether any prognosis scores in each respectivemonitoring group A and B have been flagged for highest or lowest triagepriority respectively as described above for blocks 773 and 774. Ifeither of triage prioritization engine 260-A or triage prioritizationengine 260-B determines a subject's prognosis scores in the respectivemonitoring group has been flagged for highest triage priority, at block775, the respective triage prioritization engine 260 will select thesubject for the highest triage priority position in the generated triageprioritization order for the selected monitoring group as describedabove for block 775. If either of triage prioritization engine 260-A ortriage prioritization engine 260-B determines a subject's prognosisscores in the respective monitoring group has been flagged for lowesttriage priority, at block 776, the respective triage prioritizationengine 260 will select the subject for the lowest triage priorityposition in the generated triage prioritization order for the selectedmonitoring group as described above for block 775.

At block 778, triage prioritization engine 260-A and triageprioritization engine 260-B each determine whether a triageprioritization order for the subjects in each respective monitoringgroup is cached in memory of the mobile communication and display deviceas described above for block 777. At block 778, if either of triageprioritization engine 260-A or triage prioritization engine 260-Bdetermines that there is no cached triage prioritization order for thesubjects in the respective monitoring group, at block 784, therespective triage prioritization engine 260 will interface with subjectmonitoring cores 240-N and user interface 245 (and/or communicationinterface B 247, command center server 280 and user interface 275) todisplay the generated respective human readable values for apredetermined number (e.g. 2, 4, 6) of the subjects on respectiveportions of the user interface 245 based on the generated triageprioritization order for the respective monitoring group as describedabove for block 783.

At block 778, if either of triage prioritization engine 260-A or triageprioritization engine 260-B determines that there is a cached triageprioritization order for the subjects in a respective monitoring group,at block 784, the respective triage prioritization engine 260 willdetect whether there is a change between the generated and cached triageprioritization orders for the subjects in the respective monitoringgroup at block 780 as described above for block 779. If triageprioritization engine 260-A does not detect a change between thegenerated and cached triage prioritization orders for the subjects,triage prioritization engine 260-A will interface with subjectmonitoring cores 240-N and user interface 245, to update the displays ofthe generated respective human readable values for the subjects. Atblock 782, if either of triage prioritization engine 260-A or triageprioritization engine 260-B determines detects a change between thegenerated and cached triage prioritization orders for the subjects in arespective monitoring group, the respective triage prioritization engine260 will interface with subject monitoring cores 240-N and userinterface 245, to change the respective portions of the display of therespective generated human readable values for the subjects in therespective monitoring group based on the detected change in the triageprioritization order as described above for block 781.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an example of a mobile communicationdisplay device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.In various embodiments, mobile communication display device 800 includeselectrical components configured to transmit, receive, process, anddisplay data. In various embodiments, mobile communication displaydevice 800 includes a communications processor 820 configured to managethe processing and data flow of mobile communication display device 800.In various embodiments, mobile communication display device 800 includesan active memory 822 such as, for example, a memory buffer, configuredto hold instructions and data in a cached state for processing,transmission, and presentation purposes. In various embodiments, mobilecommunication display device 800 includes circuitry 821 such as, forexample, embedded electronic circuitry configured to connect variouscomponents of mobile communication display device 800 to each other. Invarious embodiments, RFID reader 830 includes an RFID reader configuredto read unique identification strings of a plurality of monitoringdevices 140. In various embodiments, an RFID tag of each monitoringdevice 140 broadcasts its respective unique identification string forregistration purposes with mobile communication display device 800. Invarious embodiments, mobile communication display device 800 includes abarcode reader 830, a QR code reader 830, or any suitable identificationcode reader 830, configured to read monitoring devices' respectivebarcode, QR code, or suitable identification code for registrationpurposes with mobile communication display device 800. In variousembodiments, RFID reader 830 receives a unique identification string ofa monitoring device (140) if such monitoring device (140) is withinrange of RFID reader 830 and the RFID reader 830 has confirmed that thedevice is a monitoring device (140). In various embodiments, scanning apreviously registered monitoring device (140) on mobile communicationdisplay device's 800 RFID reader 830 will automatically re-register thismonitoring device (140) to its previously registered subject.

In various embodiments, mobile communication display device 800 includesa location subsystem, such as for example, GPS 831 including a GPS unitconfigured to use the global GPS network to determine global coordinateswithin a predetermined tolerance. In various embodiments, locationsubsystem of mobile communication display device 800 may include non-GPSprotocols (e.g. Galileo, GLONASS, Beidou). In various embodiments,mobile communication display device 800 includes a transmitter 832configured to transmit data received, stored, and/or generated, bymobile communication display device 800 over a network (e.g. over802.11, Wi-Fi, 3G/4G/5G cellular, RF, VHF/UHF or other high frequencyradio network, satellite network, IP network, a private network, virtualprivate network (VPN), relay network, the Internet, a Non-secureInternet Protocol Router Network (NIPRNet), a Secret Internet ProtocolRouter Network (SIPRNet), a Single Channel Ground and Airborne RadioSystem (SINCGARS), Link-16 (also known as “J2 Coding” or “J2 Messaging”or “TADL” or “SADL”), a cloud computing network, etc.). In variousembodiments, this connection could be performed with the inboardconnectivity features of the mobile communication and display device. Invarious embodiments, mobile communication display device 800 includes awireless (e.g. Bluetooth, Zigbee, ANT, NFC, near field magneticinduction) transmitter 833 configured to transmit data over a wirelessnetwork including, for example, data transmissions between mobilecommunication display device and computer software applications, one ormore of a plurality of monitoring devices 140, one or more notificationdevices (not shown), one or more wireless headsets or other audiopresentation and recording devices (not shown), and/or other mobilecommunication and display devices. In various embodiments, a mobilecommunication and display device of one user (e.g. medic, firstresponder, physician, fitness supervisor) can communicate with anothermobile communication and display device of another user such as, forexample, to turnover on-scene duties from the first user to the seconduser by transmitting subject (200-N), monitoring device (140), and/orenvironment, data over a wireless (e.g. Bluetooth, NFC, Zigbee, ANT,NFC, near field magnetic induction) network using transmitter 833,and/or via a software application (e.g. mobile application) operating onboth mobile communication and display devices (e.g. Bump application).In various embodiments, RFID reader 830, GPS 831, transmitter 832, andwireless transmitter 833 are each configured to connect to antenna(s)840, such as, for example, a set of antennas for data transmissions. Invarious embodiments, processor 820 is configured to control theprocessing and data flow of various components, subsystems, and modulesof mobile communication display device 800 including, for example,subcomponent LEDs, vibration devices, speakers, microphones, antennas,batteries, surge protectors, etc. In various embodiments, mobilecommunication display device 800 is configured to detect availablefrequencies (e.g. electromagnetic frequencies) and to modify its, andany monitoring devices (140) that it is receiving communications from,transmission protocols to a selected one of a plurality of newfrequencies. The inventors have determined that the ability to detectavailable frequencies, and modify transmission protocols to a selectedone of a plurality of new frequencies, is an important feature insituations where radio transmission frequencies are blocked, restricted,or jammed, such as in a battlefield scenario or hospital. The inventorshave also determined that, due to the increase in the use of devicesthat saturate the electromagnetic spectrum on the battlefield andhospitals, in such environments, it may be of vital importance formobile communication display devices 800 to have simple logic to exploitopen bandwidths for data transmission via frequency hopping especiallyin battlefield scenarios where different portions of the electromagneticspectrums are saturated or denied by friendly or enemy forces.

In various embodiments, mobile communication display device 800 includesa battery 803 configured to power various components and electronicsubsystems of mobile communication display device 800. For example,battery 803 may be a long-life battery, and depending on a particularapplication or environment, may be removable or non-removable. Invarious embodiments, battery 803 connects to circuitry 821 via surgeprotector 804 to ensure consistent electrical power flow to variouscomponents and electronic subsystems of mobile communication displaydevice 800 and prevent damage or overheating from short circuits. Invarious embodiments, mobile communication display device 800 includes aLED 401 such as, for example, a multi-color LED light, configured toprogrammatically display different color notifications with differentflash patterns, frequencies, and intensities. In various embodiments,mobile communication display device 800 includes a switch 802 such as,for example, a multi-positional switch, configured to activate differentmodes on mobile communication display device 800, such as, for example,a 2-way communication mode, a 1-way communication mode, a mute or silentmode, a LED active mode, a LED disable mode, a system status mode, adiagnostic mode, etc. In various embodiments, mobile communicationdisplay device 800 includes a speaker 805 such as, for example, an audiospeaker with a programmatic volume setting, a video camera and speakercombination unit configured to simultaneously take audio and videorecordings of, for example, the surroundings of mobile communicationdisplay device 800 for remote review or visual teleconferencecommunications. In various embodiments, mobile communication displaydevice 800 includes a microphone 806 such as, for example, an audiomicrophone with a programmatic gain setting. In various embodiments,mobile communication display device 800 includes a display 810 such as,for example, a multi-line display configured to display high qualityvideo, graphics, and text.

In various embodiments, mobile communication display device 800 includesan input port 850 configured to utilize any suitable wired connectiontechnology to transmit data and electricity, such as, for example,MicroUSB. Any suitable wired connection technology can be utilized byinput port 850. In various embodiments, mobile communication displaydevice 800 includes an output port 851 utilizes any suitable wiredconnection technology to transmit data and electricity, such as, forexample, MicroUSB, with other computing devices and network nodes, suchas, for example, lightning, 30 pin connectors, USB, Ethernet, parallelconnections, RS-232, MIL-STD-144-114A, or other serial connections. Invarious embodiments, mobile communication display device 800 isconfigured to be powered from its input port 850, output port 851, orthe dedicated power input 852 configured to receive suitable electricalinputs, such as, for example, 3V, 12V, 110V, and 220V electrical inputs.In various embodiments, if mobile communication display device 800 ispowered from its input port 850 or dedicated power input 852, thenmobile communication display device 800 will supply such power to adownstream device connected to output port 851. In various embodiments,mobile communication display device 800 includes a system port 853configured to provide diagnostics and upgrades to mobile communicationdisplay device 800. In various embodiments, system port 853 is asuitable data connection, such as, for example, USB 3.0. In variousembodiments, mobile communication display device 800 is configured to beconnected via system port 853 to other computing devices or to flashdrives. In various embodiments, various power connections are configuredto be connected via surge protector 804 to ensure consistent electricalpower flow to mobile communication display device 800 and prevent damageor overheating from short circuits. In various embodiments, mobilecommunication display device 800 includes an A/V port 854 configured toconnect mobile communication display device 800 to A/V devices such as,for example, headsets with over-ear headphones for audio and video witha microphone. In various embodiments, mobile communication displaydevice 800 includes a side panel 860 such as, for example, the sidepanel of mobile communication display device 800. In variousembodiments, side panel 860 is the location of the external, wired dataconnection ports.

Referring now to FIGS. 9A-9C, front, side, and rear elevation views ofan example of a monitoring device 940 including first 910 and second 920portions according to some embodiments of the present disclosure isprovided. As illustrated in FIGS. 9A-9C, monitoring device 940 may be amodular, non-invasive, wearable, and minimally-intrusive context-awarephysiological, physical, and environmental, parameters monitoringdevice. In various embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 9A, housing 906includes one or more openings 904, and one or more openings 908, thatare configured to facilitate operation of an electrode subsystem ofmonitoring device 940, including an electrode subsystem of first portion910 and/or an electrode subsystem of second portion 930, housed withinhousing 906 and housing 932 respectively. In various embodiments,housing 906 includes one or more openings 904, and one or more openings908, that are configured to facilitate operation of one or moreindicators 912 (e.g. one or more LEDs or other display) that are part ofan electronic subsystem of monitoring device 940. Housing 906 may beformed from any suitable material such as, for example, a partially orfully rigid or pliable, sturdy, elastomeric, parylene, overcoat,plastic, glass, magnetic, metal, or other material, or combinationsthereof. In various embodiments, housing 906 may have a minimalfootprint (e.g. 10-75 mm (length), 10-75 mm (width), 1-25 mm (height)),ergonomic, and versatile, form configured to fully or partially houseand protect some or all of an electronic subsystem of monitoring device940. In various embodiments, housing 906 may have a form configured tofacilitate deployment at a surface of an ear of a subject opposite theconcha of the subject, on a surface over a mastoid region of the neck ofa subject, or other suitable body or other location, including, forexample, to housing 902 via opening 902, slit 907, and/or boss 900. Invarious embodiments, housing 906 is connected to housing 902 by amagnetic attachment (e.g. using ceramic, alnico, neodymium, samariumcobalt, magnets).

In various embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 9B, housing 906 includesone or more openings 903, slits 304, opening 907, and boss 909,configured to facilitate inserting and/or securing housing 906 and partof housing 914 to housing 902 while enabling movement of part of housing914 in many degrees of freedom via opening 905. In various embodiments,as illustrated in FIG. 9B, housing 906 includes one or more openings903, slits 304, opening 907, and boss 909, configured to facilitateutilizing, for example, boss 909 to align housing 903 for properplacement on a surface of a subject ear opposite the concha, on asurface over a mastoid region of the neck of a subject, or othersuitable body surface, or other location. In various embodiments, cover901 may be a removable or permanent part of housing 902 and can includeone or more replaceable and/or reusable, or irreplaceable and/ornon-reusable, adhesive material configured to facilitate affixinghousing 902 and/or housing 906 to a surface of a subject ear oppositethe concha, on a surface over a mastoid region of the neck of a subject,or other suitable body surface, or other location. Housing 902 may beformed from any suitable material such as, for example, a partially orfully rigid or pliable, sturdy, elastomeric, parylene, overcoat,plastic, glass, magnetic, metal, or other material, or combinationsthereof. In various embodiments, housing 902 may have a minimalfootprint (e.g. 10-75 mm (length), 10-75 mm (width), 1-25 mm (height)),ergonomic, and versatile, form configured to fully or partially houseand protect some or all of housing 906 and/or housing 914, and/or tofacilitate affixing housing 902 to a surface of a subject ear oppositethe concha, a surface over a mastoid region of the neck of a subject, orother suitable body surface, or other location.

In various embodiments, housing 902 and/or housing 906 can beimplemented ornamentally and/or in a plurality of forms, including, forexample, further segmentation into several pieces, or combination as onepiece, to facilitate a more efficient assembly and use. For example, insome embodiments, a piece that includes a combination of housing 902 andhousing 906, and that is configured to be positioned on a surface of asubject ear opposite the concha, a surface over a mastoid region of theneck of a subject, or other suitable body surface, or other location,may have an extension in the form of a hook, for example, that isconfigured to anchor to a piercing on, or in, a subject's ear, or otherlocation, to secure the piece to the ear. In various embodiments,housing 902 and/or housing 906 may be configured to be affixed to asubject's ear as a smart earring, or a portion thereof.

In various embodiments, housing 914 may be formed from any suitablematerial such as, for example, a partially or fully rigid or pliable,sturdy, elastomeric, plastic, fiber-reinforced liquid silicone rubber,glass, metal, or other material, or combinations thereof, orcombinations thereof. In various embodiments, housing 914 may have aminimal footprint (e.g. 0.2-10 mm diameter), ergonomic, and versatile,form configured to fully or partially house and protect some or all ofelectromechanical subsystem 114 (FIG. 1 ), and/or to facilitate beingpositioned on a surface on or near the neck of a subject, or othersuitable body surface, or other location. In various embodiments,housing 914 may include one or more minimal footprint (e.g. 0.2-10 mmdiameter), and ergonomically designed, hollow pieces with two or moreends. In various embodiments, housing 914 includes a first endconfigured to be partially or fully continuous with housing 906. Invarious embodiments, housing 914 includes a first end configured to beseparate from housing 906. In various embodiments, housing 914 includesa second end configured to interface with one or more connector 938, orto be partially or fully continuous with housing 936 and/or housing 932.In various embodiments, connector 938 may be configured to have one of aplurality of forms, including, for example, a magnetic form. In variousembodiments, connector 938 may be configured to facilitate connectingelectromechanical subsystem 114 (FIG. 1 ) to an electronic subsystem ofa second portion 930 of monitoring device 940, and/or to otherelectronic or other subsystems.

In various embodiments, housing 914 can be implemented ornamentallyand/or in a plurality of forms, including, for example, furthersegmentation into several pieces, and/or modification into variousforms. For example, in some embodiments, housing 914 can include one,two, or more, separate and/or continuous pieces. In some embodiments, afirst piece is configured to have a form that enables it to be fully orpartially worn or wrapped around the neck, or other area, of a subjectbody. In some embodiments, a second and third piece are configured tohave forms that enable them to extend from an area on a first (e.g.right) or second (e.g. left) ear surfaces of a subject to the neck, orother area, of the subject's body. In some embodiments, a fourth andfifth piece are each configured to have forms that enable them to extendfrom a neck of a subject, or other area, to other body locations thatfacilitate proper measurements of signals of interest such as, forexample, electrical potential signals. In various embodiments, anassembly including a plurality (e.g. first, second, third, fourth,fifth) pieces of housing 914, electromechanical subsystem 114 (FIG. 1 ),an electronic subsystem of monitoring device 140 (940) including anelectronic subsystem of a second portion 120 (930) of such monitoringdevice, can be considered a smart necklace, or portion thereof. Invarious embodiments, an electromechanical subsystem 114 (FIG. 1 ) may beconfigured such that it may be housed in pieces of housing 914, and toextend outwards from one or more openings in housing 914 to connect toexternal sensor and/or electronic subsystems, such as, for example,electrical potential electrodes and/or subsystems.

In various embodiments, housing 914, and an electronic subsystem ofmonitoring device 140 (940) including an electronic subsystem of first110 (910) and/or second 120 (930) portions of monitoring device 140(940), may be configured to facilitate the connection and disconnectionof one or more external sensor and/or electronic subsystems such as, forexample, electrical potential electrodes, subsystems, and/or acapnometer. In various embodiments, housing 914 is implemented in a formconfigured to adhere and/or affix at least a portion of housing 914 to asurface of a subject's body, or other location, to minimize motion ofhousing 914.

In various embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 9B, housing 932 includesone or more openings to facilitate the operation of, for example, anelectronic subsystem of a second portion 120 (930) of a monitoringdevice 140 (940), one or more switches 939 (e.g. on/off, or other,switches that are part of an electronic subsystem of a second portion120 (930) of a monitoring device 140 (940), indicators 402 (e.g. LEDs orother display) that are part of an electronic subsystem of a secondportion 120 (930) of a monitoring device 140 (940), connector 938). Invarious embodiments, housing 932 may be configured to preclude openingthereof. In various embodiments, housing 932 may be configured tofacilitate temporary opening and closing to, for example, enablereplacing a replaceable power source subsystem 128 (FIG. 1 ). In variousembodiments, housing 932 may be formed from any suitable material suchas, for example, a partially or fully rigid or pliable, sturdy,elastomeric, parylene, overcoat, fiber-reinforced liquid siliconerubber, plastic, glass, magnetic, metal, or other material, orcombinations thereof, or combinations thereof. In various embodiments,housing 932 may have a minimal footprint (e.g. 25-100 mm diameter,25-100 mm (length), 25-100 mm (width), 1-25 mm (height)), ergonomic, andversatile, form configured to fully or partially house and protect someor all of an electronic subsystem of a second portion 120 (930) of amonitoring device 140 (940), and/or to facilitate being affixed to asurface of a subject's body, or other location, or piece, including tohousing 936.

In various embodiments, as illustrated in FIGS. 9B-9C, housing 936 isconfigured to include, for example, an opening 935, a piece 934, aconnecting piece 942, and/or other relevant forms, to facilitate, forexample, housing 932 including any attached external electronics suchas, for example, electrical potential electrode subsystems, insertion ofhousing 932 into housing 936 via opening 935, attachment of housing 932to housing 936, temporarily or permanently securing and/or attachinghousing 932 to housing 936, attachment or securing of housing 936 to asurface of a subject's body, a portion of a subject's clothing, or otherlocation, or piece, via one or more connecting pieces 942 that may beincluded as a part of housing 936, temporarily or permanently attachingor securing connecting piece 942 to one or more connecting pieces 941either in a rigid form, or in such a form as to enable the movement ofconnecting piece 942 in many degrees of motion relative to connectingpiece 941. In various embodiments, connecting piece 942 and connectingpiece 941 are configured to be versatile and have a plurality ofmechanisms for connection, such as, for example, a rotational or rigidjoint, magnetic, or combinations thereof. In various embodiments, piece934 can be configured in one of a plurality of forms, including, forexample, a magnetic or non-magnetic boss.

In various embodiments, housing 936 may be formed from any suitablematerial such as, for example, a partially or fully rigid or pliable,sturdy, elastomeric, fiber-reinforced liquid silicone rubber, plastic,glass, magnetic, metal, or other material, or combinations thereof. Invarious embodiments, housing 936 may have a minimal footprint (e.g.25-100 mm diameter, 25-100 mm (length), 25-100 mm (width), 1-25 mm(height)), ergonomic, and versatile, form configured to fully orpartially house and protect some or all of housing 932, and/or tofacilitate being affixed to a surface of a subject's body, or otherlocation, or piece, including being temporarily or permanently affixedto a versatile assembly including some or all of connecting piece 941,piece 925, material 933, and cover 931. In various embodiments, piece925 may be formed from a rigid or flexible, magnetic, versatilematerial, or combinations thereof. In various embodiments, piece 925 maybe configured to, for example, provide structural support relating tomaterial 933 and connecting piece 941. various embodiments, material 933may be formed from a versatile, flexible or rigid, magnetic, and/oradhesive material, or combinations thereof. In various embodiments,material 933 may be configured to, for example, facilitate affixingmaterial 933 to a surface of a subject's body, or other location, orpiece. In various embodiments, cover 931 may be replaceable and/orreusable, or irreplaceable and/or non-reusable, and formed from one ormore adhesive, flexible or rigid, magnetic, or other material, orcombinations thereof. In various embodiments, cover 931 may include oneor more electronic subassemblies, such as flexible printed circuitsand/or printed circuit boards, including a plurality of physiologicalsensors, as described above for first portion 110 of monitoring device140, and configured to be deployed (e.g. using an adhesive) on one ormore surfaces of a subject, and to transmit electronic signals includingphysiological sensor data to electronic subsystems of second portion 120and/or electromechanical interconnect 114 (FIG. 1 ). In variousembodiments, a versatile assembly including some or all of connectingpiece 941, piece 925, material 933, and cover 931, may have one of aplurality of forms that facilitate ergonomically, and minimallyintrusively, attaching and/or securing said assembly to one or moresurfaces of a subject's body, or other location, or piece.

In various embodiments, housing 936, connecting piece 941, a versatileassembly including some or all of connecting piece 941, piece 925,material 933, and cover 931, can be implemented ornamentally and/or inone of a plurality of forms, including, for example, furthersegmentation into several pieces, or combination as one piece, tofacilitate a more efficient assembly and use. In various embodiments,housing 936, connecting piece 941, a versatile assembly including someor all of connecting piece 941, piece 925, material 933, and cover 931,can be implemented in one of a plurality of colors. For example,connecting piece 941 may be adhered, attached and/or clipped to asurface of a subject's body, or other location, or piece. In variousembodiments, housing 936 can include one or more securing, and/orattachment, features such as, for example, piece 934 to facilitatetemporary and/or permanent attachment of housing 932 to housing 936. Invarious embodiments, housing 936 has a magnetic form and is shapedsimilar to a coin, whereby the obverse side can be affixed to a housing932, and the reverse side includes connecting piece 941. In variousembodiments, housing 936 and/or housing 932 may include one or moremagnets, or magnetic material, to facilitate temporary and/or permanentattachment of housing 936 and/or housing 932. In various embodiments,housing 936 may include, and/or enable the implementation of,electronics such as, for example, a power source (not shown), a display(not shown), configured as auxiliary electronics for an electronicsubsystem of monitoring device 140 (940) including an electronicsubsystem of first 110 (910) and/or second 120 (930) portions ofmonitoring device 140 (940).

In various embodiments, housing 936, connecting piece 941, piece 925,material 933, and cover 931, or combinations thereof, can be configuredas a combination of pieces configured to fully, or partially, andtemporarily, or permanently, house, protect and facilitate the operationof and connection to housing 932 and or other external electronics. Invarious embodiments, housing 936, connecting piece 941, piece 925,material 933, and cover 931, or combinations thereof, can be configuredas a combination of pieces configured to permit an ergonomic, andminimally intrusive, attachment and/or securing of housing 932 to asurface of a subject's body, or other location, or piece. In variousembodiments, housing 936, connecting piece 941, piece 925, material 933,and cover 931, or combinations thereof, can be configured as acombination of pieces configured to implement auxiliary electronicsand/or other features relating to the operation of an electronicsubsystem of monitoring device 140 (940) including an electronicsubsystem of first 110 (910) and/or second 120 (930) portions ofmonitoring device 140 (940).

Referring now to FIGS. 10A and 10B, side and front elevation views of anexample of a second portion 1030 of a monitoring device 940 (140), andillustrating internal components of the same, according to variousembodiments of the present disclosure, is provided. In variousembodiments, housing 1032 includes a cavity 1046, and an electronicsubsystem of a second portion 120 (930) of a monitoring device 140(940). In various embodiments, cavity 1046 is configured to mate withpiece 934 (FIG. 9B). In various embodiments, an electronic subsystem 116of a second portion 120 (930) of a monitoring device 140 (940) includesa power source subsystem 1038, and a plurality of electronicsubassemblies such as flexible printed circuits and/or printed circuitboards. In various embodiments, electronic subassembly 1043, electronicsubassembly 1044, electronic subassembly 1045, and electronicsubassembly 1048, can be one or more minimal footprint (e.g. 1-25 mm),and ergonomically designed, flexible printed circuit and/or printedcircuit board that constitute part of an electronic subsystem 116 of asecond portion 120 (930) of a monitoring device 140 (940), and that areconfigured to connect to each other, and/or to power source subsystem1038. In various embodiments, housing 1032 includes electronicsubassembly 1043, electronic subassembly 1043, electronic subassembly1045, subassembly 1048, power source subsystem 1038, and cavity 1046. Invarious embodiments, housing 1032 may have a plurality of forms, and/orbe ergonomically configured to, for example, permit replacement of areplaceable power source subsystem 1038, to protect the variouscomponents therein, to enable operation of the various componentstherein, to minimize the footprint and/or weight of housing 1032, and/orto facilitate attachment of housing 1032 to housing 936 (FIGS. 9B, 9C).

Referring now to FIGS. 11A-11B, illustrative screenshots of examples ofuser interfaces of a mobile communication and display device accordingto some embodiments of the present subject matter are provided. Invarious embodiments, the illustrative screenshots also provide examplesof user interfaces of a remote computing device (e.g. 273, 274) forremote administrative and/or medical users. At FIGS. 3A and 3B,illustrative mobile communication and display devices 1100 (and/orremote computing devices) are provided having a user interface accordingto various embodiments. As shown in FIGS. 11A-11B, a touch-screendisplay 1110 is provided. In some embodiments, a user (e.g. a firstresponder, medic, fitness supervisor) can provide input to a processorof a mobile communication and display device 1100 using an input/outputdevice such as, for example a keyboard, pointing device, e.g., a mouseor a trackball, or other kinds of devices for interaction with userinterface 1110.

Input from the user can be received in any suitable form, includingacoustic, speech, or tactile input. In various embodiments, a userinteraction to select one or more of the portions of the display 1110may be any suitable form of user selection (e.g. open pinch, closedpinch, tap, swipe, double click, keyboard stroke, etc.). In variousembodiments, display 1110 may include one or more spin boxes (notshown), or spinners, or scrolls, having an up arrow or a down arrow, toprovide the user with an interface to make another type of userselection of a portions of the display. In various embodiments, a typeof user selection may be a selection of an up or down arrow of a spinbox (not shown). In various embodiments, a type of user selection may bea selection of a scroll (not shown). In various embodiments, a display1110 may include one or more swipe bars (not shown), having, forexample, a right and left swipe bar to provide the user with aninterface to make another type of user selection. In variousembodiments, a processor of a mobile communication and display device1100 can support a markup language (e.g. HTML5, HTML4 with jQuery, CSS3,PHP 5.6) including a Drag and Drop API (e.g. native Drag and Drop API)to enable display 1110 to receive a user selection (e.g. a drag tap andhold, a drag click, a drag mouse click, etc.) of information in oneportion of display 1110 and execute a Drag and Drop event such that suchselected information is dragged over display 1110 and dropped overinformation in another portion of display 1110. may be a Long Touch, ora Long Press, or a Long Click, type of user selection. In variousembodiments, a processor of a mobile communication and display device1100 can support a markup language (e.g. HTML5, HTML4 with jQuery, CSS3,PHP 5.6)) including a Long Touch API programmed to have long touchattributes to implement a Long Touch operation (e.g. LongClick ( )) withdisplayed objects to enable display 1110 to receive a user selection(e.g. a long touch, a long click, a long press, a focus of a cursor overa portion with navigation-keys or a trackball and a long press of an“enter” key or trackball, etc.) of information in one portion of display1110, receive another selection (e.g. a tap, a touch, a click, a press)of information in another portion of display 1110, and execute a LongTouch event to associate (e.g. pair) the information in the respectiveportions of display 1110. In various embodiments, display 1110 mayinclude a tactile switch with a long hold to power on/off, and/or switchoperating modes of, mobile communication and display device 1100.

In the illustrated embodiments, a mobile communication and displaydevice 1100 including the touch screen display 1110 is provided. Invarious embodiments, the illustrative screenshots also provide examplesof user interfaces of a remote computing device (e.g. 273, 274)including a touch screen display for remote administrative and/ormedical users. As described above, mobile communication and displaydevice 1100 may include any suitable device such as, for example, alaptop, a personal computer, a smart phone, a smart watch, a personaldigital assistant, a cellular phone, a tablet, an electronic personalplanner, a slate tablet, a booklet computer, a convertible notebook, aphablet, a command and control system having a common operationalpicture (COP) or other situational awareness display, a human-wearablecomputing device, etc. For example, an illustrative touch-screen display1110 may be any suitable touch screen display. For example, touch screendisplay 1110 may be a cathode ray tube (CRT) touch screen display, aliquid crystal touch screen display (LCD), a LCD resistive touch screendisplay, a LCD capacitive touch screen display, a LCD multi-touchcapable touch screen display, etc. In some embodiments, display 1110 isa display that is enabled by an input of the user that is non-tactile.

In the illustrated examples of FIGS. 11A and 11B, display 1110 includesa tab selectable parameter 1120 which enables a user to toggle betweendisplaying a dashboard of subjects (FIG. 2, 200 -N), a “map” display(not shown), a subject (FIG. 2, 200 -N) display, a reports display, andother suitable displays. In the illustrated embodiments of FIG. 11A, a“dashboard” display is selected at a tab selectable parameter 1120 todisplay a dashboard of subjects (FIG. 2, 200 -N), generated, real-time,human readable values of physiological signs of such subjects (1122), areal-time orientation of such subjects, a triage prioritization order ofthe respective subjects (1125), descriptive (1130) and/or identifyingdata of such subjects, identifying information of each correspondingmonitoring device, and other suitable information. Any suitableselectable parameter (e.g. inline image) can be provided to togglebetween various user interfaces including, for example, a portion totoggle between descriptive data of a subject (1130) and more detaileddescriptive data of such subject, a portion to toggle between one ormore physiological signs of such subjects (1122) and a historical and/orpredictive trend for the one or more physiological signs of suchsubjects, a portion to toggle between a triage prioritization order ofthe respective subjects (1125) and a historical triage prioritizationorder of the respective subjects, playback, video (e.g. with remotephysician), help, chat (e.g. with remote physician), etc. userinterfaces, and for a user to communicate selected information to acommand center (e.g. FIG. 2, 273, 274 ).

In various embodiments, a “map” display (not shown) is selected at a mapselectable parameter/tab to display map data, e.g. map data showing thereal-time location of one or more of the monitored subjects, thesubjects in one or more monitoring groups, users (e.g. medics, firstresponders), etc. Various mapping functions can be provided to the userwhen a “map” display is selected at map selectable parameter/tabincluding, for example, a zooming function, a panning function (e.g.absolute or relative north, south, east, west, up, down, left, right,etc.), a map type selection (e.g. maps defined by the user for aparticular environment, maps with or more overlays, satellite imagery,map grids, navigational charts, etc.) including a drop-down or otherselection-type menu (e.g. spin box, text box, etc.), concentric distancecircles, and any suitable mapping functions. In various embodiments,maps may be map-based, satellite map-based, topographically based,road-based, or based on custom maps for known areas such as a hospitalwaiting room. In various embodiments, users, administrators, or medicalroles, can select subjects or users on the map for all available detailon that subject or user.

In the illustrated embodiments of FIG. 11B, a “Subject Menu” display isselected at a tab selectable parameter 1140 to display more detailedinformation regarding a selected subject (FIG. 2, 200 -N), descriptive(1130) and/or identifying data of the selected subject (e.g. subjectname 1141, subject sex 1142, subject size 1143), a real-time triageprioritization order of the selected subject (1125), a real-timeprognosis status (e.g. Critical, Urgent, Routine) for the selectedsubject, a portion to toggle between subject details (1147) andcorresponding monitoring device (1148) details, subject details such as,for example, a real-time prognosis score and trend of the selectedsubject, real-time number of transmissions received from the monitoringdevice corresponding to the selected subject, real-time orientation ofthe selected subject, real-time geolocation of the selected subject,real-time distance of the selected subject from the user of device 1100,corresponding monitoring device (1148) details such as, for example, apatch version of the corresponding monitoring device, an RFID or QR codeof the corresponding monitoring device, a real-time battery life (e.g.remaining battery) of the corresponding monitoring device, a real-timesignal strength (e.g. RSSI) of the corresponding monitoring device, areal-time operating mode of the corresponding monitoring device, areal-time power mode of the corresponding monitoring device, anyreal-time error codes of the corresponding monitoring device, real-timeenvironmental parameters measured around the monitoring device, andother suitable information. Any suitable selectable parameter (e.g.inline image) can be provided to toggle between various user interfacesincluding, for example, a portion to toggle between descriptive data ofa selected subject, and descriptive data of another subject, generated,real-time, human readable values of physiological signs of a selectedsubject, real-time ZMIST MEDEVAC or CASEVAC form data (including dataautomatically pre-populated by subject monitoring core 240-N (e.g., IDnumber, method of injury, injury sustained, signs and symptoms,treatment rendered), prognosis engine 250, triage prioritizing engine260-A), thresholds and/or weighting factors for the selected subject, amap for the selected subject, pictures of the selected subject andhis/her injuries and/or environment, a historical triage prioritizationorder of the selected subject, a historical prognosis of the selectedsubject, etc.

As shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B, display 1110 can include various menusfor selection by the user to display various features provided bysubject monitoring core 240-N, prognosis engine 250, triage prioritizingengine 260-A, and/or communication interfaces A 246 and B 247,including, for example, forensics functions to enable the user tointerface with prognosis engine 250, triage prioritizing engine 260-A,and/or subject monitoring core 240-N to provide various forensics-basedservices to the user such as playback services, trend/pattern analysisservices (e.g. internal injuries, crashing subjects), etc., entering,editing or modifying data services to enable the user to interface withprognosis engine 250, triage prioritizing engine 260-A, and/or subjectmonitoring core 240-N to enter, edit or modify data including, forexample, descriptive data regarding any of the respective subjectsand/or respective monitoring devices, notes or further description(1144), photos, videos, regarding any of the respective subjects,injuries, environment, MEDEVAC or CASEVAC routes, information for anynon-automatically pre-populated lines of M.I.S.T. reports, informationfor any non-automatically pre-populated lines of (9) line MEDEVAC forms,etc., manual assignment of monitoring devices to subjects, manuallinking of subjects to medical records, linking of subjects to fitnessrecords, manual adding of a subject, group of subjects, monitoringdevice, or group of monitoring devices, to an ignore list, manual addingof one or more subjects to a black list, manually modify and/or oroverride a triage prioritization order, manually modify and/or oroverride severity thresholds and/or prognosis weighting factors, savesubject information to a local memory of monitoring device, activatetactical communication services to enable the user to interface withcommunication interface B 247, including in connection with prognosisengine 250, triage prioritizing engine 260-A, and/or subject monitoringcore 240-N, and one or more command center users via chat, voicecommunications, etc. to request, view/obtain a status of, and/or calloff MEDEVAC or CASEVAC services, receive remote monitoring and careinstructions, request linking to medical records of subjects, requestlinking to fitness records of subjects, real-time data viewing andmanagement services to enable the user to interface with prognosisengine 250, triage prioritizing engine 260-A, and/or subject monitoringcore 240-N to view and manage real-time data including, viewing activephysiological signs, and/or enlarged physiological graphs, of one ormore respective subjects, viewing active status of respective monitoringdevices (e.g. malfunctioning sensors, battery life), viewing streamingvideo of the accident scene, notification services (not shown) to enablethe user to interface with communications interface 170, including inconnection with prognosis engine 250, triage prioritizing engine 260-A,and/or subject monitoring core 240-N, transfer communication services toenable the user to interface with communication interface B 247,including in connection with prognosis engine 250, triage prioritizingengine 260-A, and/or subject monitoring core 240-N, and one or moreother users (e.g. medics, first responders), to transfer data between adevice 1100 of one user and another device 1100 of another user such as,for example, during turn-over of an accident scene, and provide variousnotification services such as real-time alerts for high priority subjectprognoses and off-display subject events and triggers. Display 1110 caninclude any suitable menu for displaying and providing a user interfaceto one or more services provided on mobile communication and displaydevice 1100.

In various embodiments, the display 1110 includes an interface tosecurely login to, and be authenticated by, the system such as, forexample, via password, speech, or biometrics. In various embodiments,the display 1110 includes an interface for a user to messaging andnotification features where users of a mobile communication and displaydevice 1100 (and/or administrators, medical role users, fitness roleusers of remote computing devices) can communicate with each other viatext, voice, video, e-mail, or other suitable communication technique,set configurable alerts for each other, and send/receive medical data onsubjects. In various embodiments, the display 1110 includes an interfaceto a monitoring device registration method, where a user can enterpotential subjects' medical and descriptive data beforehand, e.g. beforea field operation or rescue attempt. In various embodiments, the usercan load the potential subjects' medical and descriptive data from amedical and descriptive data service (e.g. via command center server 280and subject medical data 271), or the user can retrieve this data from alocal cache memory of mobile communication and display device (e.g. viasubject medical data module 230), or the user can manually enter suchinformation via the user interface 1110. In various embodiments, userinterface 1110 includes a plurality of customization options such as,for example, setting user preferences for display options, alertparameters, status levels on when to set color-coded statuses on aper-subject basis, etc.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of an example of a monitoring devicedispenser unit 1200 in accordance with some embodiments of the presentdisclosure. In various embodiments, monitoring device dispenser unit1200 includes electrical components configured to transmit, receive,process, and display data. In various embodiments, monitoring devicedispenser unit 1200 includes a communications processor 1220 configuredto manage the data flow of monitoring device dispenser unit 1200. Invarious embodiments, monitoring device dispenser unit 1200 includes anactive memory 1222 such as, for example, an active and/or flash memory.In various embodiments, active memory 1222 is a memory buffer configuredto hold instructions and data in a cached state for processing,transmission, and presentation purposes. In various embodiments,monitoring device dispenser unit 1200 includes circuitry 1221 such as,for example, embedded electronic circuitry configured to connect variouscomponents of monitoring device dispenser unit 1200 to each other. Invarious embodiments, monitoring device dispenser unit 1200 includes anRFID reader 1230 such as, for example, an RFID reader configured to readmonitoring devices' respective unique identification strings. In variousembodiments, an RFID tag of each monitoring device 140 broadcasts itsrespective unique identification string for registration purposes withmonitoring device dispenser unit 1200. In various embodiments,monitoring device dispenser unit 1200 includes RFID sensor 1234 such as,for example, a remote RFID reader antenna on the monitoring devicedispenser's 1253 portion of the monitoring device dispenser unit 1200.In various embodiments, monitoring device dispenser unit 1200 includes abarcode reader 1230, a QR code reader 1230, or any suitableidentification code reader 1230, configured to read monitoring devices'respective barcode, QR code, or suitable identification code forregistration purposes with monitoring device dispenser unit 1200. Invarious embodiments, monitoring device dispenser unit 1200 includesfingerprint 1235 such as, for example, a fingerprint scanner. Anysuitable biometric identification reader may be utilized as fingerprint1235. In various embodiments, monitoring device dispenser unit 1200includes transmitter 1231 configured to transmitting the data received,stored, and/or generated, by monitoring device dispenser unit 1200 overa network (e.g. over 802.11, Wi-Fi, 3G/4G/5G cellular, RF, VHF/UHF orother high frequency radio network, satellite network, IP network, aprivate network, virtual private network (VPN), relay network, theInternet, a Non-secure Internet Protocol Router Network (NIPRNet), aSecret Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNet), a Single ChannelGround and Airborne Radio System (SINCGARS), Link-16 (also known as “J2Coding” or “J2 Messaging” or “TADL” or “SADL”), a cloud computingnetwork, etc.). In various embodiments, monitoring device dispenser unit1200 includes wireless transmitter 1232 (e.g. Bluetooth) configured totransmit data over a wireless network including, for example, datatransmissions between monitoring device dispenser unit 1200 and computersoftware application, one or more of a plurality of monitoring devices140, one or more notification devices (not shown), one or more wirelessheadsets or other audio presentation and recording devices (not shown).

In various embodiments, monitoring device dispenser unit 1200 includesLED 1201 such as, for example, a multi-color LED light configured toprogrammatically display different color notifications with differentflash patterns, frequencies, and intensities. In various embodiments,monitoring device dispenser unit 1200 includes a switch 502 such as, forexample, a multi-positional switch configured to activate differentmodes on monitoring device dispenser unit 1200, such as, for example, avideo presentation mode, a disabled mode, a communication mode, a LEDactive mode, a LED disable mode, a system status mode, a diagnosticmode, etc. In various embodiments, monitoring device dispenser unit 1200includes a speaker 1203 such as, for example, an audio speaker with aprogrammatic volume setting, a video camera and speaker combination unitconfigured to simultaneously take audio and video recordings of, forexample, the surroundings of monitoring device dispenser unit 1200 forremote review or visual teleconference communications. In variousembodiments, monitoring device dispenser unit 1200 includes a microphone1204 such as, for example, an audio microphone with a programmatic gainsetting. In various embodiments, monitoring device dispenser unit 1200includes a display 1210 such as, for example, a multi-line displayconfigured to displaying high quality video, graphics, and text.

In various embodiments, monitoring device dispenser unit 1200 isconfigured to be powered from its power input 1241 is configured to beconnected via surge protector 1242 to ensure consistent electrical powerflow to various components and electronic subsystems of monitoringdevice dispenser unit 1200 and prevent damage or overheating from shortcircuits. In various embodiments, monitoring device dispenser unit 1200includes system port 1240 configured to provide diagnostics and upgradesto monitoring device dispenser unit 1200. In various embodiments, systemport 1240 is a suitable data connection such as, for example USB 3.0. Invarious embodiments, monitoring device dispenser unit 1200 is configuredto be connected via system port 1240 to other computing devices or toflash drives. In various embodiments, monitoring device dispenser unit1200 includes a side panel 1251 such as, for example, the side panel ofmonitoring device dispenser unit 1200. In various embodiments, sidepanel 1251 is the location of the external, wired data connection, andpower ports, of monitoring device dispenser unit 1200. In variousembodiments, monitoring device dispenser unit 1200 includes compartment550 configured to be a storage compartment for the monitoring devices.In various embodiments, the monitoring devices are connected via aperforated strip for feeding purposes. In various embodiments, themonitoring devices are loaded into compartment 1250. In variousembodiments, compartment 1250 is monitored by one or more of the set ofsensors in sensors 1254. In various embodiments, the sensor of the setof sensors that are monitoring compartment 1250 activates motor 1255within the monitoring device dispenser 1253 assembly. In variousembodiments, when requested by a subject or a user (e.g. EMT, firstresponder, medic) via switch 1202, motor 1255 activates and dispenses amonitoring device. In various embodiments, sensors 1254 included inmonitoring device dispenser unit 1200 also include a motion sensor tosense motion (e.g. a waving hand of a subject or a user) underneath themotion sensor of monitoring device dispenser unit 1200, a reader (e.g. ascanner) to read identification card barcodes on the monitoring devices,and/or a reader (e.g. a scanner) to read identification card magneticstripes on the monitoring devices.

In various embodiments, monitoring device dispenser unit 1200 includes arelay network unit 1270 including electrical components configured totransmit, receive, process, and display data. In various embodiments,relay network unit 1270 includes a communications processor 1280configured to manage the processing and data flow of relay network unit1270. In various embodiments, relay network unit 1270 includes activememory 1282 such as, for example, a memory buffer configured to holdinstructions and data in a cached state for processing, transmission,and presentation purposes. In various embodiments, relay network unit1270 includes circuitry 1281 such as, for example, embedded electroniccircuitry configured to connect the components of relay network unit1270 to each other. In various embodiments, relay network unit 1270includes a location subsystem, such as for example, GPS 1276 including aGPS unit configured to use the global GPS network to determine globalcoordinates within a predetermined tolerance. In various embodiments,relay network unit 1270 includes a transmitter 1285 configured totransmit the data received, stored, and/or generated, by relay networkunit 1270 over a network (e.g. over 802.11, Wi-Fi, 3G/4G/5G cellular,RF, VHF/UHF or other high frequency radio network, satellite network, IPnetwork, a private network, virtual private network (VPN), relaynetwork, the Internet, a Non-secure Internet Protocol Router Network(NIPRNet), a Secret Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNet), a SingleChannel Ground and Airborne Radio System (SINCGARS), Link-16 (also knownas “J2 Coding” or “J2 Messaging” or “TADL” or “SADL”), a cloud computingnetwork, etc.), and/or over a wired connection. In various embodiments,relay network unit 1270 includes wireless (e.g. Bluetooth, Zigbee, ANT,near-field magnetic induction, NFC) transceiver 1286 configured totransmit and receive data over a wireless network including, forexample, data transmissions between relay network unit 1270 and computersoftware applications, one or more mobile communication and displaydevices, and one or more of a plurality of monitoring devices 140. Invarious embodiments, GPS 1276, transmitter 1285, and wirelesstransceiver 1286, are configured to connect to antenna(s) 1287 such as,for example, a set of antennas for data transmissions.

In various embodiments relay network unit 1270 includes a battery 1273such as, for example, a battery configured to power relay network unit570. In various embodiments, battery 1273 is a long-life battery and,depending on application, can be removable or non-removable. In variousembodiments, relay network unit 1270 includes battery 1273 configured toconnect to circuitry 1281 via surge protector 1274 to ensure consistentelectrical power flow to various components and electronic subsystems ofmonitoring device dispenser unit 1200 and prevent damage or overheatingfrom short circuits. In various embodiments, relay network unit 1270includes LED 1271 such as, for example, a multi-color LED light that canprogrammatically display different color notifications with differentflash patterns, frequencies, and intensities. In various embodiments,relay network unit 1270 includes keypad 1272 such as, for example, akeyboard with multi-directional buttons that can provide text inputs andactivate different modes on relay network unit 1270.

In various embodiments, relay network unit 1270 includes system port1284 configured to utilize any suitable wired connection technologyconfigured to transmit data and electricity, such as, for example,MicroUSB, with other computing devices and network nodes, such as, forexample, Lightning, 30 pin connectors, USB, Ethernet, parallelconnections, RS-232, MIL-STD-144-114A, or other serial connections. Invarious embodiments, transceiver 1286 is configured to transmit andreceive data over a wired connection (e.g. to a mobile phone, computer,etc.). In various embodiments, relay network unit 1270 of monitoringdevice dispenser unit 1200 is configured to be powered, for example,from its system port 1284, battery 1273, or dedicated power input 1283that is configured to receive suitable electrical inputs such as, forexample, 3V, 12V, 110V, and 220V electrical inputs.

In some embodiments, one or more steps of the methods described hereincan be implemented by one or more general purpose computers programmedin accordance with the principals discussed herein. In variousembodiments, a general computer processor programmed in accordance withvarious principles described herein is provided in the cloud of a cloudcomputing environment. In some embodiments, a general computer processorprogrammed in accordance with various principles is provided at one ormore command center servers 280 and/or at an administrator or medicalrole (273, 274) of the command center services 108. Digital computersystems programmed to perform particular functions pursuant toinstructions from program code that implements features of the methodsdescribed herein may be special-purpose computers particular to themethods described herein. Computer program code implementing one or moremethods described herein may be distributed to users on a non-transient,computer readable storage medium such as, for example, a floppy disk,CD-ROM, or flash memory data storage device, or other suitabledistribution storage medium, and may be copied to a hard disk, RAM, orother suitable intermediate, non-transient computer readable storagemedium, on a computer. When the programs are to be run, they will beloaded either from their distribution medium or their intermediatestorage medium into the execution memory of the computer, configuringthe computer to act in accordance with the method of this invention.Certain features that are described in this specification in the contextof separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in asingle embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described inthe context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multipleembodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover,although features can be described above as acting in certaincombinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more featuresfrom a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from thecombination, and the claimed combination can be directed to asub-combination or variation of a sub-combination.

Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particularorder, this should not be understood as requiring that such operationsbe performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, orthat all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirableresults. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processingcan be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various systemcomponents in the embodiments described above should not be understoodas requiring such separation in all embodiments, and it should beunderstood that certain of the described program components and systemscan generally be integrated together in a single software product beingexecuted in one or more networks or packaged into multiple softwareproducts for execution in the one or more networks.

One or more steps of the processes and logic flows described in thisspecification can be performed by one or more programmable processorsexecuting one or more computer programs to perform functions byoperating on input data and generating output. One or more steps of theprocesses and logic flows can also be performed by, and apparatus canalso be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA(field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application specificintegrated circuit).

Various embodiments can be implemented in a cloud computing system thatincludes, and/or is in communication with, a back end component, e.g.,as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, e.g., anapplication server, or that includes a front end component, e.g., acomputer having a GUI or a Web browser through which an operator caninteract with an implementation of the subject matter described is thisspecification, or any combination of one or more such back end,middleware, or front end components. The components of the system can beinterconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication,e.g., a communication network. Examples of communication networksinclude a local area network (“LAN”) and a wide area network (“WAN”),e.g., the Internet.

While various embodiments have been described, it is to be understoodthat the embodiments described are illustrative only and that the scopeof the subject matter is to be accorded a full range of equivalents,many variations and modifications naturally occurring to those of skillin the art from a perusal hereof.

1. A system for automated physiological monitoring and prognosis of aplurality of subjects, comprising: a plurality of monitoring devices, arespective portion of each monitoring device configured for deploymenton a surface of a respective subject of a plurality of subjects, whereinthe surface is either opposite a concha of a respective ear of therespective subject or over a mastoid region of the respective subject;the respective portion of each monitoring device comprising a pluralityof physiological sensors, each physiological sensor configured toperiodically generate respective data based on one more real-timemonitored physiological parameters of the respective subject; whereinthe real-time monitored physiological parameters compriseelectrocardiogram, ballistocardiogram, and at least one of skinconductance or skin resistance; wherein at least one of the plurality ofphysiological sensors comprises green and infrared (IR) light emittersand a corresponding light receptor; each monitoring device furthercomprising: a processor, and a non-transitory machine-readable storagemedium encoded with program code executable by the processor forperiodically generating respective values indicative of a plurality ofreal-time physiological signs for the respective subject using theperiodically generated respective data from the plurality ofphysiological sensors, wherein the plurality of real-time physiologicalsigns comprise motion-corrected respiratory rate, motion-corrected heartrate, at least one of pacemaker edge detection or R-R interval, and atleast one of hydration level, stress level, or neurological response;and a transmitter configured to periodically transmit electronic signalsover a wireless network, the transmitted electronic signals comprisingthe periodically generated respective values indicative of the pluralityof real-time physiological signs for the respective subject; a mobilecommunication and display device comprising: a communications interfaceconfigured to be coupled to the wireless network and to receive theperiodically transmitted electronic signals over the wireless networkfrom each of the plurality of monitoring devices; a processor coupled tothe communications interface; a non-transitory machine-readable storagemedium encoded with program code executable by the processor for:periodically generating a respective prognosis score for each of thesubjects using the respective values indicative of the plurality ofreal-time physiological signs for the respective subject in thereceived, periodically transmitted electronic signals from each of theplurality of monitoring devices; periodically generating an alert for atleast two of the subjects based on the periodically generated prognosisscores.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the program code executable bythe respective processor of each of the plurality of monitoring devicesfor periodically generating respective values indicative ofmotion-corrected heart rate for the respective subject uses theperiodically generated ballistocardiogram data, the periodicallygenerated green light data from the at least one of the plurality ofphysiological sensors, and the periodically generated infrared lightdata from the at least one of the plurality of physiological sensors asa motion reference.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the program codeexecutable by the respective processor of each of the plurality ofmonitoring devices for periodically generating respective valuesindicative of motion-corrected respiratory rate for the respectivesubject uses the periodically generated ballistocardiogram data; theperiodically generated electrocardiogram data or the periodicallygenerated at least one of skin conductance or skin resistance data; theperiodically generated green light data from the at least one of theplurality of physiological sensors, and the periodically generatedinfrared light data from the at least one of the plurality ofphysiological sensors as a motion reference.
 4. The system of claim 1,wherein the plurality of real-time physiological signs further comprisemotion-corrected pulse oximetry for the respective subject, and at leasttwo of mean arterial blood pressure, pulse wave transit time, pulse wavevelocity, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart ratevariability, or R-J interval for the respective subject, and: whereinthe program code executable by the respective processor of each of theplurality of monitoring devices for periodically generating respectivevalues indicative of the motion-corrected pulse oximetry for therespective subject uses the periodically generated ballistocardiogramdata, the periodically generated green light data from the at least oneof the plurality of physiological sensors, and the periodicallygenerated infrared light data from the at least one of the plurality ofphysiological sensors as a motion reference; and wherein the programcode executable by the respective processor of each of the plurality ofmonitoring devices for periodically generating respective valuesindicative of the at least two of mean arterial blood pressure, pulsewave transit time, pulse wave velocity, systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure, heart rate variability, or R-J interval forthe respective subject uses the periodically generatedballistocardiogram data, the periodically generated electrocardiogramdata, and at least one of the periodically generated infrared light dataor green light data from the at least one of the plurality ofphysiological sensors.
 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the pluralityof real-time physiological signs comprise mean arterial blood pressure,pulse wave transit time, and systolic blood pressure of the respectivesubject; and wherein the respective storage medium of each of theplurality of monitoring devices is further encoded with program codeexecutable by the respective processor of each of the plurality ofmonitoring devices for periodically generating respective valuesindicative of the systolic blood pressure (P_(s)) of the respectivesubject from the equation:$P_{s} = {\frac{1}{\alpha} \times {\ln\left( \frac{2{\rho r\Delta x}^{2}}{E_{0}{{hT}_{PTT}}^{2}} \right)}}$wherein α is a constant based on blood vessel characteristics, E₀ is ablood vessels' modulus of longitudinal elasticity when P_(s) is 0 mmHg,h is the vascular wall's thickness, ρ is blood density, r is theintravascular diameter, T_(PTT) is the pulse wave transit timephysiological sign, and Δx is the distance between the respective heartand the respective concha or mastoid surface of the respective subject.6. The system of claim 4, wherein the at least one of the plurality ofphysiological sensors in the respective portion of each monitoringdevice further comprises a red light emitter, and: wherein the programcode executable by the respective processor of each of the plurality ofmonitoring devices for periodically generating respective valuesindicative of the motion-corrected pulse oximetry for the respectivesubject further uses the periodically generated red light data from theat least one of the plurality of physiological sensors; and wherein theprogram code executable by the respective processor of each of theplurality of monitoring devices for periodically generating respectivevalues indicative of the at least two of mean arterial blood pressure,pulse wave transit time, pulse wave velocity, systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure, heart rate variability, or R-J interval forthe respective subject further uses at least one of the periodicallygenerated infrared light data, red light data, or green light data fromthe at least one of the plurality of physiological sensors.
 7. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the plurality of physiological sensors in therespective portion of each monitoring device comprises an electricalpotential sensor configured to periodically generate the at least one ofthe skin conductance data or the skin resistance data based on real-timemonitoring of electrical potential at the respective surface of therespective subject, and wherein the respective storage medium of each ofthe plurality of monitoring devices is further encoded with program codeexecutable by the respective processor of each of the plurality ofmonitoring devices for periodically generating respective valuesindicative of: the hydration level, stress level, or neurologicalresponse for the respective subject using the periodically generateddata from the electrical potential sensor; and at least one of strokevolume, cardiac output, ventricular ejection time, or pre-ejectionperiod for the respective subject using the periodically generated datafrom the electrical potential sensor and the periodically generatedelectrocardiogram data.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the pluralityof physiological sensors in the respective portion of each monitoringdevice further comprises a skin temperature sensor, and wherein theplurality of real-time physiological signs further comprise at least oneof core body temperature or cranial temperature.
 9. The system of claim1, wherein the storage medium of the mobile communication and displaydevice is further encoded with program code executable by the processorof the mobile communication and display device for periodicallygenerating respective human readable values indicative of the pluralityof real-time physiological signs for each of the subjects using therespective values indicative of the plurality of real-time physiologicalsigns for the respective subject in the received, periodicallytransmitted electronic signals from each of the plurality of monitoringdevices; and wherein the program code executable by the processor of themobile communication and display device for periodically generating thealert comprises program code executable by the processor of the mobilecommunication and display device for displaying the periodicallygenerated respective human readable values for the at the least twosubjects on respective portions of a user interface of the mobilecommunication and display device.
 10. The system of claim 1, wherein thestorage medium of the mobile communication and display device is furtherencoded with program code executable by the processor of the mobilecommunication and display device for periodically generating respectiveseverity scores for each of the plurality of physiological signs foreach of the plurality of subjects using the respective values indicativeof the plurality of real-time physiological signs for the respectivesubject in the received, periodically transmitted electronic signalsfrom each of the plurality of monitoring devices and a plurality ofpre-determined thresholds, wherein the program code executable by theprocessor for periodically generating a prognosis score for each of theplurality of subjects comprises program code executable by the processorfor using the periodically generated respective severity scores and aplurality of pre-determined weighting factors.
 11. The system of claim1, wherein the storage medium of the mobile communication and displaydevice is further encoded with program code executable by the processorof the mobile communication and display device for periodicallyselecting a triage prioritization order of the subjects using theperiodically generated prognosis scores; wherein the program codeexecutable by the processor of the mobile communication and displaydevice for periodically generating the alert for the at least two of thesubjects is further based on the periodically selected triageprioritization order.
 12. The system of claim 2, each monitoring devicefurther comprising another respective portion configured for deploymenton a neck surface of the respective subject; the another respectiveportion of each monitoring device comprising a motion sensor configuredto periodically generate respective data based on real-time monitoredmotion at the neck surface of the respective subject; the program codeexecutable by the respective processor of each of the monitoring devicesfor periodically generating the respective values indicative ofmotion-corrected heart rate is further using the periodically generatedrespective data from the motion sensor in the another respective portionof the respective monitoring device.
 13. The system of claim 3, eachmonitoring device further comprising another respective portionconfigured for deployment on a neck surface of the respective subject;the another respective portion of each monitoring device comprising amotion sensor configured to periodically generate respective data basedon real-time monitored motion at the neck surface of the respectivesubject; the program code executable by the respective processor of eachof the monitoring devices for periodically generating the respectivevalues indicative of motion-corrected respiratory rate is further usingthe periodically generated respective data from the motion sensor in theanother respective portion of the respective monitoring device.
 14. Thesystem of claim 4, each monitoring device further comprising anotherrespective portion configured for deployment on a neck surface of therespective subject; the another respective portion of each monitoringdevice comprising a motion sensor configured to periodically generaterespective data based on real-time monitored motion at the neck surfaceof the respective subject; the program code executable by the respectiveprocessor of each of the monitoring devices for periodically generatingthe respective values indicative of motion-corrected pulse oximetry isfurther using the periodically generated respective data from the motionsensor in the another respective portion of the respective monitoringdevice.
 15. A computer-implemented method for automated physiologicalmonitoring and prognosis of a plurality of subjects, the methodcomprising: for each of a plurality of monitoring devices and each of aplurality of subjects: deploying a respective portion of a respectivemonitoring device of the plurality of monitoring devices on a surface ofa respective subject of the plurality of subjects, wherein the surfaceis either opposite a concha of a respective ear of the respectivesubject or over a mastoid region of the respective subject; deployinganother respective portion of the respective monitoring device on a necksurface of the respective subject; the method further comprising, ateach of the plurality of monitoring devices: monitoring, in real time, aplurality of physiological parameters at the respective concha ormastoid surface of the respective subject using a plurality ofphysiological sensors within the respective portion of the respectivemonitoring device; wherein the real-time monitored physiologicalparameters comprise electrocardiogram, ballistocardiogram, at least oneof skin conductance or skin resistance; and wherein at least one of theplurality of physiological sensors comprises green and infrared (IR)light emitters and a corresponding light receptor; periodicallygenerating respective data based on each of the real-time monitoredphysiological parameters at the respective concha or mastoid surface ofthe respective subject; monitoring, in real time, motion of therespective subject at the respective neck surface of the respectivesubject using a motion sensor within the another respective portion ofthe respective monitoring device; periodically generating respectivedata based on the real-time monitored motion at the respective necksurface of the respective subject; periodically generating respectivevalues indicative of a motion-corrected heart rate physiological signfor the respective subject using the periodically generatedballistocardiogram data, the periodically generated green light datafrom the at least one of the plurality of physiological sensors, theperiodically generated infrared light data from the at least one of theplurality of physiological sensors as a motion reference, and theperiodically generated data from the motion sensor within the anotherrespective portion of the respective monitoring device; periodicallygenerating respective values indicative of a motion-correctedrespiratory rate physiological sign for the respective subject using theperiodically generated ballistocardiogram data; the periodicallygenerated electrocardiogram data or the periodically generated at leastone of skin conductance or skin resistance data; the periodicallygenerated green light data from the at least one of the plurality ofphysiological sensors, the periodically generated infrared light datafrom the at least one of the plurality of physiological sensors as amotion reference, and the periodically generated data from the motionsensor within the another respective portion of the respectivemonitoring device; periodically generating respective values indicativeof at least one of a hydration level physiological sign, a stress levelphysiological sign, or a neurological response physiological sign, forthe respective subject using the periodically generated at least one ofskin conductance or skin resistance data; periodically generatingrespective values indicative of at least one of a pacemaker edgedetection physiological sign, or a R-R interval physiological sign, forthe respective subject using the periodically generatedelectrocardiogram data, and the periodically generated data from themotion sensor within the another respective portion of the respectivemonitoring device; and periodically transmitting, over a wirelessnetwork and to a mobile communication and display device, electronicsignals comprising the generated respective values indicative of themotion-corrected heart rate physiological sign, the motion-correctedrespiratory rate physiological sign, the at least one of the hydrationlevel, stress level, or neurological response physiological sign, andthe at least one of the pacemaker edge detection or R-R intervalphysiological sign.
 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising, ateach of the plurality of monitoring devices: periodically generatingrespective values indicative of a motion-corrected pulse oximetryphysiological sign for the respective subject using the periodicallygenerated ballistocardiogram data, the periodically generated greenlight data from the at least one of the plurality of physiologicalsensors, the periodically generated infrared light data from the atleast one of the plurality of physiological sensors as a motionreference, and the periodically generated data from the motion sensorwithin the another respective portion of the respective monitoringdevice.
 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising, at each of theplurality of monitoring devices: periodically generating respectivevalues indicative of at least two of a mean arterial blood pressure,pulse wave transit time, pulse wave velocity, systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure, heart rate variability, or R-J intervalphysiological sign for the respective subject using the periodicallygenerated ballistocardiogram data, the periodically generatedelectrocardiogram data, at least one of the periodically generatedinfrared light data or green light data from the at least one of theplurality of physiological sensors, and the periodically generated datafrom the motion sensor within the another respective portion of therespective monitoring device.
 18. The method of claim 15, furthercomprising, by each of the plurality of monitoring devices: periodicallygenerating respective values indicative of a mean arterial bloodpressure physiological sign and a pulse wave transit time physiologicalsign for the respective subject using the periodically generatedballistocardiogram data, the periodically generated electrocardiogramdata, at least one of the periodically generated infrared light data orgreen light data from the at least one of the plurality of physiologicalsensors, and the periodically generated data from the motion sensorwithin the another respective portion of the respective monitoringdevice; and periodically generating respective values indicative ofsystolic blood pressure (P_(s)) of the respective subject from theequation:$P_{s} = {\frac{1}{\alpha} \times {\ln\left( \frac{2{\rho r\Delta x}^{2}}{E_{0}{{hT}_{PTT}}^{2}} \right)}}$wherein α is a constant based on blood vessel characteristics, E₀ is ablood vessels' modulus of longitudinal elasticity when P_(s) is 0 mmHg,h is the vascular wall's thickness, ρ is blood density, r is theintravascular diameter, T_(PTT) is the pulse wave transit timephysiological sign, and Δx is the distance between the respective heartand the respective concha or mastoid surface of the respective subject.19. A system for automated physiological monitoring and prognosis of aplurality of subjects, comprising: a plurality of monitoring devices, arespective portion of each monitoring device configured for deploymenton a surface of a respective subject of a plurality of subjects, whereinthe surface is either opposite a concha of a respective ear of therespective subject or over a mastoid region of the respective subject,the respective portion of each monitoring device comprising: a pluralityof physiological sensors, each physiological sensor configured toperiodically generate respective data based on one more real-timemonitored physiological parameters at the respective concha or mastoidsurface of the respective subject; wherein the real-time monitoredphysiological parameters comprise electrocardiogram, ballistocardiogram,and at least one of skin conductance or skin resistance; wherein atleast one of the plurality of physiological sensors comprises green andinfrared (IR) light emitters and a corresponding light receptor; anotherrespective portion of each monitoring device configured for deploymenton a neck surface of the respective subject of the plurality ofsubjects, the another respective portion of the respective monitoringdevice comprising: a motion sensor configured to periodically generaterespective data based on real-time monitored motion at the neck surfaceof the respective subject; each monitoring device further comprising: aprocessor, and a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium encodedwith program code executable by the processor for periodicallygenerating respective values indicative of a plurality of real-timephysiological signs for the respective subject, wherein the program codeexecutable by the processor for generating the respective valuescomprises: program code executable by the processor for periodicallygenerating respective values indicative of a real-time, motion-correctedheart rate physiological sign for the respective subject using theperiodically generated ballistocardiogram data, the periodicallygenerated green light data from the at least one of the plurality ofphysiological sensors, the periodically generated infrared light datafrom the at least one of the plurality of physiological sensors as amotion reference, and the periodically generated data from the motionsensor within the another respective portion of the respectivemonitoring device; program code executable by the processor forperiodically generating respective values indicative of a real-time,motion-corrected respiratory rate physiological sign for the respectivesubject using the periodically generated ballistocardiogram data, theperiodically generated electrocardiogram data or the periodicallygenerated at least one of skin conductance or skin resistance data, theperiodically generated green light data from the at least one of theplurality of physiological sensors, the periodically generated infraredlight data from the at least one of the plurality of physiologicalsensors as a motion reference, and the periodically generated data fromthe motion sensor within the another respective portion of therespective monitoring device; program code executable by the processorfor periodically generating respective values indicative of at least oneof a real-time hydration level physiological sign, stress levelphysiological sign, or neurological response physiological sign for therespective subject using the periodically generated at least one of skinconductance or skin resistance data; and program code executable by theprocessor for periodically generating respective values indicative of atleast one of a real-time pacemaker edge detection physiological sign orR-R interval physiological sign for the respective subject using theperiodically generated electrocardiogram data, and the periodicallygenerated data from the motion sensor within the another respectiveportion of the respective monitoring device; and a transmitterconfigured to periodically transmit electronic signals over a wirelessnetwork, the transmitted electronic signals comprising the periodicallygenerated respective values indicative of the plurality of real-timephysiological signs for the respective subject.
 20. The system of claim19, further comprising: a mobile communication and display devicecomprising: a communications interface configured to be coupled to thewireless network and to receive the periodically transmitted electronicsignals over the wireless network from each of the plurality ofmonitoring devices; a processor coupled to the communications interface;a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium encoded with programcode executable by the processor for: periodically generating arespective prognosis score for each of the plurality of subjects usingthe respective values indicative of the plurality of real-timephysiological signs for the respective subject in the received,periodically transmitted electronic signals from each of the pluralityof monitoring devices; and periodically generating an alert for at leasttwo of the subjects based on the periodically generated prognosisscores.